Expect -- programmed dialogue with interactive programs, Version 5

SYNOPSIS

Expect [-dDinN] [-c cmds] [[-[f|b]] cmdfile] [args]

DESCRIPTION

Note:: In the text of this reference page, Expect with an uppercase E refers to the Expect program while expect with a lower-case e refers to the expect command within the Expect program.)

Expect is a program that "talks" to other interactive programs according to a script. Following the script, Expect knows what can be expected from a program and what the correct response should be. An interpreted language provides branching and high-level control structures to direct the dialogue. In addition, the user can take control and interact directly when desired, afterward returning control to the script.

The name "Expect" comes from the idea of send/expect sequences popularized by uucp, kermit and other modem control programs. However unlike uucp, Expect is generalized so that it can be run as a user-level command with any program and task in mind. Expect can actually talk to several programs at the same time.

For example, here are some things Expect can do:

Cause your computer to dial you back, so that you can login without paying for the call.

Start a game (for example, rogue) and if the optimal configuration doesn't appear, restart it (again and again) until it does, then hand over control to you.

Run fsck, and in response to its questions, answer yes, no, or give control back to you, based on predetermined criteria.

Connect to another network or BBS (for example, MCI Mail, CompuServe) and automatically retrieve your mail so that it appears as if it was originally sent to your local system.

Carry environment variables, current directory, or any kind of information across rlogin, telnet, tip, su, chgrp, and similar utilities.

There are a variety of reasons why the shell cannot perform these tasks. (Try, you'll see.) All are possible with Expect.

In general, Expect is useful for running any program which requires interaction between the program and the user. All that is necessary is that the interaction can be characterized programmatically. Expect can also give the user back control (without halting the program being controlled) if desired. Similarly, the user can return control to the script at any time.

Usage

Expect reads cmdfile for a list of commands to execute.

Normally, the file $exp_library/expect.rc is sourced automatically if present, unless the -N option is specified. Immediately after this, the file ~/.expect.rc is sourced automatically, unless the -n option is specified. When the DOTDIR environment variable is defined, it is treated as a directory and .expect.rc is read from there. This sourcing occurs only after executing any -c options.

Optional args are constructed into a list and stored in the variable named argv. argc is initialized to the length of argv.

argv0 is defined to be the name of the script (or binary if no script is used). For example, the following displays the name of the script and the first three arguments:

send_user "$argv0 [lrange $argv 0 2]\\n"

Options

-b cmdfile

is similar to the -f option but the command file is read one line at a line, similar to the standard input. Note that stdio-buffering may still take place however this shouldn't cause problems when reading from a FIFO or standard input.

If the string - is supplied as a file name, standard input is read instead. Use ./- to read from a file actually named -.

-c cmds

specifies one or more commands (cmds) to be executed before any in the script. cmds should be quoted to prevent being broken up by the shell. Multiple commands may be executed with a single -c option by separating them with semicolons. You may specify this option multiple times. Commands are executed in the order they appear.

-d

enables some diagnostic output, which primarily reports internal activity of commands such as expect and interact. This option has the same effect as exp_internal 1 at the beginning of an Expect script, plus the version of Expect is printed.

The strace command is useful for tracing statements, and the trace command is useful for tracing variable assignments.

-D

enables an interactive debugger. An integer value should follow. The debugger takes control before the next Tcl procedure if the value is non-zero or if a CTRL-C is pressed (or a breakpoint is hit, or other appropriate debugger command appears in the script).

[-f] cmdfile

specifies a file from which to read commands. You can often omit the -f part of this option, as it is only useful when using the #! notation, so that other arguments may be supplied on the command line.

By default, the command file is read into memory and executed in its entirety. It is occasionally desirable to read files one line at a time. For example, the standard input is read this way. To force arbitrary files to be handled this way, use the -b option.

If the string - is supplied as a file name, standard input is read instead. Use ./- to read from a file actually named -.

-i

interactively prompts for commands instead of reading them from a file. Prompting is terminated via the exit command or upon EOF. See the description of the interpreter command (below) for more information. The -i option is assumed when neither a command file nor the -c option is used.

-N

suppresses the sourcing of the $exp_library/expect.rc file.

-n

suppresses the sourcing of the ~/.expect.rc (or $DOTDIR/.expect.rc).

-v

displays the Expect version number and exits.

--

delimits the end of the options. This is useful when you want to pass an option-like argument to your script without it being interpreted by Expect. This can usefully be placed in the #! line to prevent any Expect from interpreting following arguments as options.

For example, the following leaves the original arguments (including the script name) in the variable argv:

#!/usr/local/bin/expect --

Note:: The usual getopt() and execve() conventions must be observed when adding arguments to the #! line.

Commands

Expect uses Tcl (Tool Command Language). Tcl provides control flow (for example, if, for, break), expression evaluation, and several other features such as recursion, procedure definition, etc. Commands used here but not defined (for example, set, if, exec) are Tcl commands. Expect supports additional commands, described below. Unless otherwise specified, commands return the empty string.

Commands are listed alphabetically so that they can be quickly located. However, new users may find it easier to start by reading the descriptions of spawn, send, expect, and interact, in that order.

Note:: The best introduction to the language (both Expect and Tcl) is provided in the book Exploring Expect (see SEE ALSO below). Examples are included in this reference page but they are very limited since this page is meant primarily as reference material.

close [-slave] [-onexec 0|1] [-i spawn_id]

closes the connection to the current process. Most interactive programs detect EOF on their standard input and exit; thus close usually suffices to kill the process as well. The -i option declares the process to close corresponding to the named spawn ID (spawn_id).

Both expect and interact detect when the current process exits and implicitly do a close. But if you kill the process by, say:

exec kill $pid

you must explicitly call close.

The -onexec option determines whether the spawn ID is closed in any new spawned processes or if the process is overlayed. To leave a spawn ID open, use the value 0. A non-zero integer value forces the spawn closed (the default) in any new processes.

The -slave option closes the slave associated with the spawn ID. (See spawn -pty below.) When the connection is closed, the slave is automatically closed as well if still open.

No matter whether the connection is closed implicitly or explicitly, you should call wait to clear up the corresponding kernel process slot. close does not call wait since there is no guarantee that closing a process connection causes it to exit. See wait below for more info.

debug [[-now] 0|1]

controls a Tcl debugger allowing you to step through statements, set breakpoints, etc.

With no arguments, a 1 is returned if the debugger is not running, otherwise a 0 is returned.

With a 1 argument, the debugger is started. With a 0 argument, the debugger is stopped. If a 1 argument is preceded by the -now option, the debugger is started immediately (that is, in the middle of the debug command itself). Otherwise, the debugger is started with the next Tcl statement.

The debug command does not change any traps. Compare this to starting Expect with the -D option (see above).

See the README file or SEE ALSO section for more information on the debugger.

disconnect

disconnects a forked process from the terminal It continues running in the background. The process is given its own process group (if possible). Standard I/O is redirected to NUL:.

The following fragment uses disconnect to continue running the script in the background.

if {[fork]!=0} exit
disconnect
. . .

The following script reads a password, and then runs a program every hour that demands a password each time it is run. The script supplies the password so that you only have to type it once. (See the stty command which demonstrates how to turn off password echoing.)

send_user "password?\\ "
expect_user -re "(.*)\\n"
for {} 1 {} {
	if {[fork]!=0} {sleep 3600;continue}
	disconnect
	spawn priv_prog
	expect Password:
	send "$expect_out(1,string)\\r"
	. . .
	exit
}

An advantage to using disconnect over the shell asynchronous process feature (&) is that Expect can save the terminal parameters prior to disconnection, and then later apply them to new ptys. With &, Expect does not have a chance to read the terminal's parameters since the terminal is already disconnected by the time Expect receives control.

exit [-opts] [status]

causes Expect to exit or otherwise prepare to do so. opts can be any valid options and arguments for this command.

The -onexit option causes the next argument to be used as an exit handler. Without an argument, the current exit handler is returned.

The -noexit option causes Expect to prepare to exit but stop short of actually returning control to the operating system. The user-defined exit handler is run as well as Expect's own internal handlers. No further Expect commands should be executed. This is useful when you are running Expect with other Tcl extensions. The current interpreter (and main window if in the Tk environment) remain so that other Tcl extensions can clean up. If Expect's exit is called again (however this might occur), the handlers are not rerun.

Upon exiting, all connections to spawned processes are closed. Closure is detected as an EOF by spawned processes. exit takes no other actions beyond what the normal _exit() procedure does. Thus, spawned processes that do not check for EOF may continue to run. (A variety of conditions are important to determining, for example, what signals a spawned process is sent, but these are system-dependent, typically documented under exit().) Spawned processes that continue to run are inherited by init.

status (or 0 if not specified) is returned as the exit status of Expect. exit is implicitly executed if the end of the script is reached.

exp_continue [-continue_timer]

The command exp_continue allows expect itself to continue executing rather than returning as it normally would. By default exp_continue resets the timeout timer. The -continue_timer option prevents timer from being restarted. (See expect for more information.)

exp_internal [-f file] value

causes further commands to send diagnostic information internal to Expect to standard error if value is non-zero. This output is disabled if value is 0. The diagnostic information includes every character received, and every attempt made to match the current output against the patterns.

When the optional file argument is supplied, all normal and debugging output is written to that file (regardless of the value of value). Any previous diagnostic output file is closed.

The -info option causes exp_internal to return a description of the most recent non-info arguments given.

exp_open [args] [-i spawn_id]

returns a Tcl file identifier that corresponds to the original spawn ID. The file identifier can then be used as if it were opened by Tcl's open command. (The spawn ID should no longer be used. A wait should not be executed.

The -leaveopen option leaves the spawn ID open for access through Expect commands. A wait must be executed on the spawn ID.

exp_pid [-i spawn_id]

returns the process id corresponding to the currently spawned process. If the -i option is used, the pid returned corresponds to that of the given spawn ID. exp_send is an alias for send. exp_send_error is an alias for send_error. exp_send_log is an alias for send_log. exp_send_tty is an alias for send_tty. exp_send_user is an alias for send_user.

exp_version [[-exit] version]

is useful for assuring that the script is compatible with the current version of Expect.

With no arguments, the current version of Expect is returned. This version may then be encoded in your script. If you actually know that you are not using features of recent versions, you can specify an earlier version.

Versions consist of three numbers separated by dots. First is the major number. Scripts written for versions of Expect with a different major number almost certainly do not work. exp_version returns an error if the major numbers do not match.

Second is the minor number. Scripts written for a version with a greater minor number than the current version may depend upon some new feature and might not run. exp_version returns an error if the major numbers match, but the script minor number is greater than that of the running Expect.

Third is a number that plays no part in the version comparison. However, it is incremented when the Expect software distribution is changed in any way, such as by additional documentation or optimization. It is reset to 0 upon each new minor version.

With the -exit option, Expect prints an error and exits if the version is out of date.

expect [[-opts] pat1 body1] ... [-opts] patn [bodyn]

waits until one of the patterns matches the output of a spawned process, a specified time period has passed, or an end-of-file is seen. If the final body is empty, it may be omitted.

Patterns from the most recent expect_before command are implicitly used before any other patterns. Patterns from the most recent expect_after command are implicitly used after any other patterns.

If the arguments to the entire expect statement require more than one line, all the arguments may be "braced" into one so as to avoid terminating each line with a backslash. In this one case, the usual Tcl substitutions occur despite the braces.

If a pattern is the keyword eof, the corresponding body is executed upon end-of-file. If a pattern is the keyword timeout, the corresponding body is executed upon timeout. If no timeout keyword is used, an implicit null action is executed upon timeout. The default timeout period is 10 seconds but may be set, for example to 30, by the command set timeout 30. An infinite timeout may be designated by the value -1. If a pattern is the keyword default, the corresponding body is executed upon either timeout or end-of-file.

If a pattern matches, then the corresponding body is executed. expect returns the result of the body (or the empty string if no pattern matched). In the event that multiple patterns match, the one appearing first is used to select a body.

Each time new output arrives, it is compared to each pattern in the order they are listed. Thus, you may test for absence of a match by making the last pattern something guaranteed to appear, such as a prompt. In situations where there is no prompt, you must use timeout (just like you would if you were interacting manually).

Patterns are specified in three ways. By default, patterns are specified as with Tcl's string command. (Such patterns are also similar to C-shell regular expressions usually referred to as "glob" patterns). The -gl option may be used to protect patterns that might otherwise match expect options from doing so. Any pattern beginning with a - should be protected this way. (All strings starting with - are reserved for future options.)

For example, the following fragment looks for a successful login. (Note that abort is presumed to be a procedure defined elsewhere in the script.)

expect {
	busy			{puts busy\\n ; exp_continue}
	failed			abort
	"invalid password"	abort
	timeout			abort
	connected
}

Quotes are necessary on the fourth pattern since it contains a space, which would otherwise separate the pattern from the action. Patterns with the same action (such as the 3rd and 4th) require listing the actions again. This can be avoid by using regexp-style patterns (see below). More information on forming glob-style patterns can be found in the Tcl manual.

Regexp-style patterns follow the syntax defined by Tcl's regexp (short for "regular expression") command. regexp patterns are introduced with the option -re. The previous example can be rewritten using a regexp as:

expect {
	busy		{puts busy\\n ; exp_continue}
	-re "failed|invalid password" abort
	timeout		abort
	connected }

Both types of patterns are "unanchored". This means that patterns do not have to match the entire string, but can begin and end the match anywhere in the string (as long as everything else matches). Use ^ to match the beginning of a string, and $ to match the end. Note that if you do not wait for the end of a string, your responses can easily end up in the middle of the string as they are echoed from the spawned process. While still producing correct results, the output can look unnatural. Thus, use of $ is encouraged if you can exactly describe the characters at the end of a string.

Note:: In many editors, the ^ and $ match the beginning and end of lines respectively. However, because Expect is not line oriented, these characters match the beginning and end of the data (as opposed to lines) currently in the expect matching buffer. (Also, see the note below on "system indigestion.")

The -ex option causes the pattern to be matched as an "exact" string. No interpretation of *, ^, etc is made (although the usual Tcl conventions must still be observed). Exact patterns are always unanchored.

The -nocase option causes uppercase characters of the output to compare as if they were lowercase characters. The pattern is not affected.

While reading output, more than 2000 bytes can force earlier bytes to be "forgotten". This may be changed with the command match_max. (Note that excessively large values can slow down the pattern matcher.) When patlist is full_buffer, the corresponding body is executed if match_max bytes have been received and no other patterns have matched. Whether or not the full_buffer keyword is used, the forgotten characters are written to expect_out(buffer).

When patlist is the keyword null, and nulls are allowed (via the remove_nulls command), the corresponding body is executed if a single ASCII 0 is matched. It is not possible to match 0 bytes via glob or regexp patterns.

Upon matching a pattern (or eof or full_buffer), any matching and previously unmatched output is saved in the variable expect_out(buffer). Up to 9 regexp substring matches are saved in the variables expect_out(1,string) through expect_out(9,string). If the -indices option is used before a pattern, the starting and ending indices (in a form suitable for lrange) of the 10 strings are stored in the variables expect_out(X,start) and expect_out(X,end) where X is a digit, correspond to the substring position in the buffer. 0 refers to strings which matched the entire pattern and is generated for glob patterns as well as regexp patterns. For example, if a process has produced output of abcdefgh\\n, the result of:

expect "cd"

is as if the following statements had executed:

set expect_out(0,string) cd
set expect_out(buffer) abcd

and efgh\\n is left in the output buffer. If a process produced the output abbbcabkkkka\\n, the result of:

expect -indices -re "b(b*).*(k+)"

is as if the following statements had executed:

set expect_out(0,start) 1
set expect_out(0,end) 10
set expect_out(0,string) bbbcabkkkk
set expect_out(1,start) 2
set expect_out(1,end) 3
set expect_out(1,string) bb
set expect_out(2,start) 10
set expect_out(2,end) 10
set expect_out(2,string) k
set expect_out(buffer) abbbcabkkkk

and a\\n is left in the output buffer. The pattern * (and -re ".*") flush the output buffer without reading any more output from the process.

Normally, the matched output is discarded from Expect's internal buffers. This may be prevented by prefixing a pattern with the -notransfer option. This option is especially useful in experimenting (and can be abbreviated to -not for convenience while experimenting).

The spawn ID associated with the matching output (or eof or full_buffer) is stored in expect_out(spawn_id).

The -timeout option causes the current expect command to use the following value as a timeout instead of using the value of the timeout variable.

By default, patterns are matched against output from the current process, however the -i option declares the output from the named spawn ID list be matched against any following patterns (up to the next -i). The spawn ID list should either be a whitespace separated list of spawn IDs or a variable referring to such a list of spawn IDs.

For example, the following example waits for connected from the current process, or busy, failed or invalid password from the spawn ID named by $proc2.

expect {
	-i $proc2 busy {puts busy\\n ; exp_continue}
	-re "failed|invalid password" abort
	timeout abort
	connected
}

The value of the global variable any_spawn_id may be used to match patterns to any spawn IDs that are named with all other -i options in the current expect command. The spawn ID from a -i option with no associated pattern (that is, followed immediately by another -i) is made available to any other patterns in the same expect command associated with any_spawn_id.

The -i option may also name a global variable in which case the variable is read for a list of spawn IDs. The variable is reread whenever it changes. This provides a way of changing the I/O source while the command is in execution. Spawn ids provided this way are called "indirect" spawn IDs.

Actions such as break and continue cause control structures (that is, for, proc) to behave in the usual way. The command exp_continue allows expect itself to continue executing rather than returning as it normally would.

This is useful for avoiding explicit loops or repeated expect statements. The following example is part of a fragment to automate rlogin. The exp_continue avoids having to write a second expect statement (to look for the prompt again) if the rlogin prompts for a password.

expect {
	Password: {
		stty -echo
		send_user "password (for $user) on $host: "
		expect_user -re "(.*)\\n"
		send_user "\\n"
		send "$expect_out(1,string)\\r"
		stty echo
		exp_continue
	} incorrect {
		send_user "invalid password or account\\n"
		exit
	} timeout {
		send_user "connection to $host timed out\\n"
		exit
	} eof {
		send_user \\
		"connection to host failed: $expect_out(buffer)"
		exit
	} -re $prompt
}

For example, the following fragment might help a user guide an interaction that is already totally automated. In this case, the terminal is put into raw mode. If the user presses +, a variable is incremented. If p is pressed, several returns are sent to the process, perhaps to poke it in some way, and i lets the user interact with the process, effectively stealing away control from the script. In each case, the exp_continue allows the current expect to continue pattern matching after executing the current action.

stty raw -echo
expect_after {
	-i $user_spawn_id
	"p" {send "\\r\\r\\r"; exp_continue}
	"+" {incr foo; exp_continue}
	"i" {interact; exp_continue}
	"quit" exit
}

By default, exp_continue resets the timeout timer. The timer is not restarted, if exp_continue is called with the -continue_timer option.

expect_after [expect_args]

works identically to the expect_before command except that if patterns from both expect and expect_after can match, the expect pattern is used. See the expect_before command for more information.

expect_background [expect_args]

takes the same arguments as expect, however it returns immediately. Patterns are tested whenever new input arrives. The pattern timeout and default are meaningless to expect_background and are silently discarded. Otherwise, the expect_background command uses expect_before and expect_after patterns just like expect does.

When expect_background actions are being evaluated, background processing for the same spawn ID is blocked. Background processing is unblocked when the action completes. While background processing is blocked, it is possible to do a (foreground) expect on the same spawn ID.

It is not possible to execute an expect while an expect_background is unblocked. expect_background for a particular spawn ID is deleted by declaring a new expect_background with the same spawn ID. Declaring expect_background with no pattern removes the given spawn ID from the ability to match patterns in the background.

expect_before [expect_args]

takes the same arguments as expect; however it returns immediately. Pattern-action pairs from the most recent expect_before with the same spawn ID are implicitly added to any following expect commands. If a pattern matches, it is treated as if it had been specified in the expect command itself, and the associated body is executed in the context of the expect command. If patterns from both expect_before and expect can match, the expect_before pattern is used.

If no pattern is specified, the spawn ID is not checked for any patterns.

Unless overridden by a -i option, expect_before patterns match against the spawn ID defined at the time that the expect_before command was executed (not when its pattern is matched).

The -info option causes expect_before to return the current specifications of what patterns it matches. By default, it reports on the current spawn ID. An optional spawn ID specification may be given for information on that spawn ID. For example:

expect_before -info -i $proc

At most one spawn ID specification may be given. The option -indirect suppresses direct spawn IDs that come only from indirect specifications.

Instead of a spawn ID specification, the -all option causes -info to report on all spawn IDs.

The output of the -info option can be reused as the argument to expect_before.

expect_tty [expect_args]

is like expect but it reads characters from the console (that is, keystrokes from the user). By default, reading is performed in cooked mode. Thus, lines must end with a return in order for expect to see them. This may be changed via stty (see the stty command below).

expect_user [expect_args]

is like expect but it reads characters from standard input (that is keystrokes from the user). By default, reading is performed in cooked mode. Thus, lines must end with a return in order for expect to see them. This may be changed via stty (see the stty command below).

fork

creates a new process. The new process is an exact copy of the current Expect process. On success, fork returns 0 to the new (child) process and returns the process ID of the child process to the parent process. On failure (invariably due to lack of resources, for example, swap space, memory), fork returns -1 to the parent process, and no child process is created.

Forked processes exit via the exit command, just like the original process. Forked processes are allowed to write to the log files. If you do not disable debugging or logging in most of the processes, the result can be confusing.

Some pty implementations may be confused by multiple readers and writers, even momentarily. Thus, it is safest to fork before spawning processes.

interact [string1 body1] ... [stringn [bodyn]]

gives control of the current process to the user, so that keystrokes are sent to the current process, and the standard output and standard error of the current process are returned.

String-body pairs may be specified as arguments, in which case the body is executed when the corresponding string is entered. (By default, the string is not sent to the current process.) The interpreter command is assumed, if the final body is missing.

If the arguments to the entire interact statement require more than one line, all the arguments may be "braced" into one so as to avoid terminating each line with a backslash. In this one case, the usual Tcl substitutions occur despite the braces.

For example, the following command runs interact with the following string-body pairs defined: When CTRL-Z is pressed, Expect is suspended. (The -reset option restores the terminal modes.) When CTRL-A is pressed, the user sees "you typed a control-A" and the process is sent a CTRL-A. When $ is pressed, the user sees the date. When CTRL-C is pressed, Expect exits. If foo is entered, the user sees bar. When ~~ is pressed, the Expect interpreter runs interactively.

set CTRLZ \\032
interact {
	-reset $CTRLZ {exec kill -STOP [pid]}
	\\001   {send_user "you typed a control-A\\n";
		send "\\001"
		}
	$      {send_user "The date is [exec date]."}
	\\003   exit
	foo    {send_user "bar"}
	~~
}

In string-body pairs, strings are matched in the order they are listed as arguments. Strings that partially match are not sent to the current process in anticipation of the remainder coming. If characters are then entered such that there can no longer possibly be a match, only the part of the string is sent to the process that cannot possibly begin another match. Thus, strings that are substrings of partial matches can match later, if the original strings that was attempting to be match ultimately fails.

By default, string matching is exact with no wild cards. (In contrast, the expect command uses glob-style patterns by default.) The -ex option may be used to protect patterns that might otherwise match interact options from doing so. Any pattern beginning with a - should be protected this way. (All strings starting with - are reserved for future options.)

The -re option forces the string to be interpreted as a regexp-style pattern. In this case, matching substrings are stored in the variable interact_out similarly to the way expect stores its output in the variable expect_out. The -indices option is similarly supported.

The pattern eof introduces an action that is executed upon end-of-file. A separate eof pattern may also follow the -output option in which case it is matched if an EOF is detected while writing output. The default eof action is return, so that interact simply returns upon any EOF.

The pattern timeout introduces a timeout (in seconds) and action that is executed after no characters have been read for a given time. The timeout pattern applies to the most recently specified process. There is no default timeout. The special variable timeout (used by the expect command) has no affect on this timeout.

For example, the following statement could be used to autologout users who have not typed anything for an hour but who still get frequent system messages:

interact -input $user_spawn_id timeout 3600 return -output \\
	$spawn_id

If the pattern is the keyword null, and nulls are allowed (via the remove_nulls command), the corresponding body is executed if a single ASCII 0 is matched. It is not possible to match 0 bytes via glob or regexp patterns.

Prefacing a pattern with the option -iwrite causes the variable interact_out(spawn_id) to be set to the spawn ID which matched the pattern (or eof).

Actions such as break and continue cause control structures (that is, for, proc) to behave in the usual way. However return causes interact to return to its caller, while inter_return causes interact to cause a return in its caller. For example, if proc foo called interact which then executed the action inter_return, proc would return. (This means that if interact calls interpreter interactively typing return causes the interact to continue, while inter_return causes the interact to return to its caller.)

During interact, raw mode is used so that all characters may be passed to the current process. If the current process does not catch job control signals, it stops if sent a stop signal (by default CTRL-Z). To restart it, send a continue signal (such as by kill -CONT <pid>). If you really want to send a SIGSTOP to such a process (by CTRL-Z), consider spawning csh first and then running your program. On the other hand, if you want to send a SIGSTOP to Expect itself, first call interpreter (perhaps by using an escape character), and then press CTRL-Z.

String-body pairs can be used as a shorthand for avoiding having to enter the interpreter and execute commands interactively. The previous terminal mode is used while the body of a string-body pair is being executed.

For speed, actions execute in raw mode by default. The -reset option resets the terminal to the mode it had before interact was executed (invariably, cooked mode). Note that characters entered when the mode is being switched may be lost (an unfortunate feature of the terminal driver on some systems). The only reason to use -reset is if your action depends on running in cooked mode.

The -echo option sends characters that match the following pattern back to the process that generated them as each character is read. This may be useful when the user needs to see feedback from partially typed patterns.

If a pattern is being echoed but eventually fails to match, the characters are sent to the spawned process. If the spawned process then echoes them, the user sees the characters twice. -echo is probably only appropriate in situations where the user is unlikely to not complete the pattern. For example, the following excerpt is from rftp, the recursive-ftp script, where the user is prompted to enter ~g, ~p, or ~l, to get, put, or list the current directory recursively. These are so far away from the normal ftp commands, that the user is unlikely to type ~ followed by anything else, except mistakenly, in which case, they'll probably just ignore the result anyway.

interact {
	-echo ~g {getcurdirectory 1}
	-echo ~l {getcurdirectory 0}
	-echo ~p {putcurdirectory}
}

The -nobuffer option sends characters that match the following pattern on to the output process as characters are read.

This is useful when you wish to let a program echo back the pattern. For example, the following might be used to monitor where a person is dialing (a Hayes-style modem). Each time atd is seen the script logs the rest of the line.

proc lognumber {} {
	interact -nobuffer -re "(.*)\\r" return
	puts $log "[exec date]: dialed $interact_out(1,string)"
}

interact -nobuffer "atd" lognumber

During interact, previous use of log_user is ignored. In particular, interact forces its output to be logged (sent to the standard output) since it is presumed the user doesn't wish to interact blindly.

The -o option causes any following key-body pairs to be applied to the output of the current process. This can be useful, for example, when dealing with hosts that send unwanted characters during a telnet session.

By default, interact expects the user to be writing standard input and reading standard output of the Expect process itself. The -u option (for "user") makes interact look for the user as the process named by its argument (which must be a spawned id).

This allows two unrelated processes to be joined together without using an explicit loop. To aid in debugging, Expect diagnostics always go to standard error (or standard output for certain logging and debugging information). For the same reason, the interpreter command reads interactively from standard input.

For example, the following fragment creates a login process. Then it dials the user (not shown), and finally connects the two together. Of course, any process may be substituted for login. A shell, for example, would allow the user to work without supplying an account and password.

spawn login
	set login $spawn_id
	spawn tip modem
	# dial back out to user
	# connect user to login
	interact -u $login

To send output to multiple processes, list each spawn ID list prefaced by a -output option. Input for a group of output spawn IDs may be determined by a spawn ID list prefaced by a -input option. (Both -input and -output may take lists in the same form as the -i option in the expect command, except that any_spawn_id is not meaningful in interact.) All following options and strings (or patterns) apply to this input until another -input option appears. If no -input appears, -output implies -input $user_spawn_id -output. (Similarly, with patterns that do not have -input.) If one -input is specified, it overrides $user_spawn_id. If a second -input is specified, it overrides $spawn_id. Additional -input options may be specified.

The two implied input processes default to having their outputs specified as $spawn_id and $user_spawn_id (in reverse). If a -input option appears with no -output option, characters from that process are discarded.

The -i option introduces a replacement for the current spawn ID when no other -input or -output options are used. A -i option implies a -o option.

It is possible to change the processes that are being interacted with by using indirect spawn IDs. (Indirect spawn IDs are described in the section on the expect command.) Indirect spawn IDs may be specified with the -i, -u, -input, or -output options.

interpreter

causes the user to be interactively prompted for Expect and Tcl commands. The result of each command is printed.

Actions such as break and continue cause control structures (that is, for, proc) to behave in the usual way. However, return causes interpreter to return to its caller, while inter_return causes interpreter to cause a return in its caller. For example, if proc foo called interpreter which then executed the action inter_return, proc would return. Any other command causes interpreter to continue prompting for new commands.

By default, the prompt contains two integers. The first integer describes the depth of the evaluation stack (that is, how many times Tcl_Eval has been called). The second integer is the Tcl history identifier. The prompt can be set by defining a procedure called prompt1 whose return value becomes the next prompt. If a statement has open quotes, parens, braces, or brackets, a secondary prompt (by default +> ) is issued upon newline. The secondary prompt may be set by defining a procedure called prompt2.

During interpreter, cooked mode is used, even if the its caller was using raw mode.

If standard input is closed, interpreter returns unless the -eof option is used, in which case the subsequent argument is invoked.

log_file [args] [[-a] file]

If a file name is provided, log_file records a transcript of the session (beginning at that point) in the file. log_file stops recording if no argument is given. Any previous log file is closed.

Instead of a file name, a Tcl file identifier may be provided by using the -open or -leaveopen options. This is similar to the spawn command. (See spawn for more info.)

The -a option forces output to be logged that was suppressed by the log_user command.

By default, the log_file command appends to old files rather than truncating them, for the convenience of being able to turn logging off and on multiple times in one session. To truncate files, use the -noappend option.

The -info option causes log_file to return a description of the most recent non-info arguments given.

log_user -info|0|1

By default, the send/expect dialogue is logged to standard output (and a log file if open). The logging to standard output is disabled by the command log_user 0 and reenabled by log_user 1. Logging to the log file is unchanged.

The -info option causes log_user to return a description of the most recent non-info arguments given.

match_max [-d] [-i spawn_id] [size]

defines the size of the buffer (in bytes) used internally by expect. With no size argument, the current size is returned.

With the -d option, the default size is set. (The initial default is 2000.) With the -i option, the size is set for the named spawn ID, otherwise it is set for the current process.

overlay[-# spawn_id] [-# spawn_id] [...] program [args]

executes program args in place of the current Expect program, which terminates. A bare hyphen argument forces a hyphen in front of the command name as if it was a login shell. All spawn IDs are closed except for those named as arguments. These are mapped onto the named file identifiers.

Spawn IDs are mapped to file identifiers for the new program to inherit. For example, the following line runs chess and allows it to be controlled by the current process—say, a chess master.

overlay -0 $spawn_id -1 $spawn_id -2 $spawn_id chess

This is more efficient than interact -u, however, it sacrifices the ability to do programmed interaction since the Expect process is no longer in control.

parity [-d] [-i spawn_id] [value]

defines whether parity should be retained or stripped from the output of spawned processes. If value is zero, parity is stripped, otherwise it is not stripped. With no value argument, the current value is returned.

With the -d option, the default parity value is set. (The initial default is 1, that is, parity is not stripped.) With the -i option, the parity value is set for the named spawn ID, otherwise it is set for the current process.

remove_nulls [-d] [-i spawn_id] [value]

defines whether nulls are retained or removed from the output of spawned processes before pattern matching or storing in the variable expect_out or interact_out. If value is 1, nulls are removed. If value is 0, nulls are not removed. With no value argument, the current value is returned.

With the -d option, the default value is set. (The initial default is 1, that is, nulls are removed.) With the -i option, the value is set for the named spawn ID, otherwise it is set for the current process.

Whether or not nulls are removed, Expect records null bytes to the log and standard output.

send [-flags] string

Sends string to the current process. For example, the command:

send "hello world\\r"

sends the characters, h e l l o <blank> w o r l d <return> to the current process. (Tcl includes a printf-like command (called format) which can build arbitrarily complex strings.)

Characters are sent immediately although programs with line-buffered input do not read the characters until a return character is sent. A return character is denoted \\r.

The -- option forces the next argument to be interpreted as a string rather than an option. Any string can be preceded by -- whether or not it actually looks like a option. This provides a reliable mechanism to specify variable strings without being tripped up by those that accidentally look like options. (All strings starting with - are reserved for future options.)

The -i option declares that the string be sent to the named spawn ID. If the spawn ID is user_spawn_id, and the terminal is in raw mode, newlines in the string are translated to return-newline sequences so that they appear as if the terminal was in cooked mode. The -raw option disables this translation.

The -null option sends null characters (0 bytes). By default, one null is sent. An integer may follow the -null to indicate how many nulls to send.

The -break option generates a break condition. This only makes sense if the spawn ID refers to a tty device opened via spawn -open. If you have spawned a process such as tip, you should use tip's convention for generating a break.

The -s option forces output to be sent "slowly", thus avoiding the common situation where a computer outtypes an input buffer that was designed for a human who would never outtype the same buffer. This output is controlled by the value of the variable send_slow which takes a two element list. The first element is an integer that describes the number of bytes to send atomically. The second element is a real number that describes the number of seconds by which the atomic sends must be separated. For example, set send_slow {10 .001} would force send -s to send strings with 1 millisecond in between each 10 characters sent.

The -h option forces output to be sent (somewhat) like a human actually typing. Human-like delays appear between the characters. (The algorithm is based upon a Weibull distribution, with modifications to suit this particular application.) This output is controlled by the value of the variable send_human which takes a five element list. The first two elements are average interarrival time of characters in seconds. The first is used by default. The second is used at word endings, to simulate the subtle pauses that occasionally occur at such transitions. The third parameter is a measure of variability where .1 is quite variable, 1 is reasonably variable, and 10 is quite invariable. The extremes are 0 to infinity. The last two parameters are, respectively, a minimum and maximum interarrival time. The minimum and maximum are used last and "clip" the final time. The ultimate average can be quite different from the given average if the minimum and maximum clip enough values.

As an example, the following command emulates a fast and consistent typist:

set send_human {.1 .3 1 .05 2}
send -h "I'm hungry.  Let's do lunch."

while the following might be more suitable after a hangover:

set send_human {.4 .4 .2 .5 100}
send -h "Goodd party lash night!"

Note that errors are not simulated, although you can set up error correction situations yourself by embedding mistakes and corrections in a send argument.

The options for sending null characters, for sending breaks, for forcing slow output and for human-style output are mutually exclusive. Only the one specified last is used. Furthermore, no string argument can be specified with the options for sending null characters or breaks.

It is a good idea to precede the first send to a process by an expect. expect waits for the process to start, while send cannot. In particular, if the first send completes before the process starts running, you run the risk of having your data ignored. In situations where interactive programs offer no initial prompt, you can precede send by a delay as in:

# To avoid giving hackers hints on how to break in,
# this system does not prompt for an external password.
# Wait for 5 seconds for exec to complete
spawn telnet very.secure.gov
sleep 5
send password\\r

exp_send is an alias for send. Similar aliases are provided for Expect's other send commands.

send_error [-flags] string

is like send, except that the output is sent to standard error rather than the current process.

send_log [--] string

is like send, except that the string is only sent to the log file (see log_file.) The arguments are ignored if no log file is open.

send_tty [-flags] string

is like send, except that the output is sent to the console rather than the current process.

send_user [-flags] string

is like send, except that the output is sent to standard output rather than the current process.

sleep seconds

causes the script to sleep for the given number of seconds. Seconds may be a decimal number. Interrupts are processed while Expect sleeps.

spawn [args] program [args]

creates a new process running program args. Its standard input, standard output and standard error are connected to Expect, so that they may be read and written by other Expect commands. The connection is broken by close or if the process itself closes any of the file identifiers.

When a process is started by spawn, the variable spawn_id is set to a descriptor referring to that process. The process described by spawn_id is considered the current process. spawn_id may be read or written, in effect providing job control.

user_spawn_id is a global variable containing a descriptor which refers to the user. For example, when spawn_id is set to this value, expect behaves like expect_user.

error_spawn_id is a global variable containing a descriptor which refers to the standard error. For example, when spawn_id is set to this value, send behaves like send_error.

tty_spawn_id is a global variable containing a descriptor which refers to the console.

spawn returns the process ID. If no process is spawned, 0 is returned. The variable spawn_out(slave,name) is set to the name of the pty slave device.

By default, spawn echoes the command name and arguments. The -noecho option stops spawn from doing this.

The -console option causes console output to be redirected to the spawned process. This is not supported on all systems.

Internally, spawn uses a pty, initialized the same way as the user's tty. This is further initialized so that all settings are "sane" (according to stty). If the variable stty_init is defined, it is interpreted in the style of stty arguments as further configuration. For example, set stty_init raw causes further spawned processes's terminals to start in raw mode. -nottycopy skips the initialization based on the user's tty. -nottyinit skips the "sane" initialization.

Normally, spawn takes little time to execute. If you notice spawn taking a significant amount of time, it is probably encountering ptys that are wedged. A number of tests are run on ptys to avoid entanglements with errant processes. (These take 10 seconds per wedged pty.) Running Expect with the -d option shows if Expect is encountering many ptys in odd states. If you cannot kill the processes to which these ptys are attached, your only recourse may be to reboot.

If program cannot be spawned successfully because exec() fails (for example, when program doesn't exist), an error message is returned by the next interact or expect command as if program had run and produced the error message as output. This behavior is a natural consequence of the implementation of spawn. Internally, spawn forks, after which the spawned process has no way to communicate with the original Expect process except by communication via the spawn_id.

The -open option causes the next argument to be interpreted as a Tcl file identifier (that is, returned by open.) The spawn ID can then be used as if it were a spawned process. (The file identifier should no longer be used.) This lets you treat raw devices, files, and pipelines as spawned processes without using a pty. 0 is returned to indicate there is no associated process. When the connection to the spawned process is closed, so is the Tcl file identifier. The -leaveopen option is similar to -open except that -leaveopen causes the file identifier to be left open even after the spawn ID is closed.

The -pty option causes a pty to be opened but no process spawned. 0 is returned to indicate there is no associated process. spawn_id is set as usual.

The variable spawn_out(slave,fd) is set to a file identifier corresponding to the pty slave. It can be closed using close -slave.

The -ignore option names a signal to be ignored in the spawned process. Otherwise, signals get the default behavior. Signals are named as in the trap command, except that each signal requires a separate option.

strace level

causes following statements to be printed before being executed. (Tcl's trace command traces variables.) level indicates how far down in the call stack to trace. For example, the following command runs Expect while tracing the first 4 levels of calls, but none below that.

expect -c "strace 4" script.exp

The -info option causes strace to return a description of the most recent non-info arguments given.

stty args

changes terminal modes similarly to the external stty command.

Requests for status return it as the result of the command. If no status is requested and the controlling terminal is accessed, the previous status of the raw and echo attributes are returned in a form which can later be used by the command.

For example, the arguments raw or -cooked put the terminal into raw mode. The arguments -raw or cooked put the terminal into cooked mode. The arguments echo and -echo put the terminal into echo and noecho mode respectively.

The following example illustrates how to temporarily disable echoing. This could be used in otherwise-automatic scripts to avoid embedding passwords in them. (See more discussion on this under EXPECT HINTS below.)

stty -echo
send_user "Password: "
expect_user -re "(.*)\\n"
set password $expect_out(1,string)
stty echo

system args

gives args to sh as input, just as if it had been typed as a command from a terminal. Expect waits until the shell terminates. The return status from sh is handled the same way that exec handles its return status.

In contrast to exec which redirects standard input and standard output to the script, system performs no redirection (other than that indicated by the string itself). Thus, it is possible to use programs which must talk directly to the console. For the same reason, the results of system are not recorded in the log.

timestamp [args]

returns a timestamp. With no arguments, the number of seconds since the epoch is returned.

The -format option introduces a string which is returned but with substitutions made according to the POSIX rules for strftime(). For example, %a is replaced by an abbreviated weekday name (for example, Sat). Others are:

%a	abbreviated weekday name
%A	full weekday name
%b	abbreviated month name
%B	full month name
%c	date-time as in: Wed Oct  6 11:45:56 1993
%d	day of the month (01-31)
%H	hour (00-23)
%I	hour (01-12)
%j	day (001-366)
%m	month (01-12)
%M	minute (00-59)
%p	am or pm
%S	second (00-61)
%u	day (1-7, Monday is first day of week)
%U	week (00-53, first Sunday is first day of week one)
%V	week (01-53, ISO 8601 style)
%w	day (0-6)
%W	week (00-53, first Monday is first day of week one)
%x	date-time as in: Wed Oct  6 1993
%X	time as in: 23:59:59
%y	year (00-99)
%Y	year as in: 1993
%Z	timezone (or nothing if not determinable)
%%	a bare percent sign

Other % specifications are undefined. Other characters are passed through untouched. Only the C locale is supported.

The -seconds option introduces a number of seconds since the epoch to be used as a source from which to format. Otherwise, the current time is used.

The -gmt option forces timestamp output to use the GMT timezone. With no option, the local timezone is used.

trap [[command] signals]

causes the given command to be executed upon future receipt of any of the given signals. The command is executed in the global scope. If command is absent, the signal action is returned. If command is the string SIG_IGN, the signals are ignored. If command is the string SIG_DFL, the signals are result to the system default. signals is either a single signal or a list of signals. Signals may be specified numerically or symbolically as per signal(). The SIG prefix may be omitted.

With no arguments (or the argument -number), trap returns the signal number of the trap command currently being executed.

The -code option uses the return code of the command in place of whatever code Tcl was about to return when the command originally started running.

The -interp option causes the command to be evaluated using the interpreter active at the time the command started running rather than when the trap was declared.

The -name option causes the trap command to return the signal name of the trap command currently being executed.

The -max option causes the trap command to return the largest signal number that can be set.

For example, the command trap {send_user "Ouch!"} SIGINT prints Ouch! each time the user presses CTRL-C.

By default, SIGINT (which can usually be generated by pressing CTRL-C) and SIGTERM cause Expect to exit. This is due to the following trap, created by default when Expect starts.

trap exit {SIGINT SIGTERM}

If you use the -D option to start the debugger, SIGINT is redefined to start the interactive debugger. This is due to the following trap:

trap {exp_debug 1} SIGINT

The debugger trap can be changed by setting the environment variable EXPECT_DEBUG_INIT to a new trap command.

You can, of course, override both of these just by adding trap commands to your script. In particular, if you have your own trap exit SIGINT, this overrides the debugger trap. This is useful if you want to prevent users from getting to the debugger at all.

If you want to define your own trap on SIGINT but still trap to the debugger when it is running, use:

if {![exp_debug]} {trap mystuff SIGINT}

Alternatively, you can trap to the debugger using some other signal.

trap does not let you override the action for SIGALRM as this is used internally to Expect. The disconnect command sets SIGALRM to SIG_IGN (ignore). You can reenable this as long as you disable it during subsequent spawn commands.

See the signal() reference page for more info.

wait [args]

delays until a spawned process (or the current process if none is named) terminates.

wait normally returns a list of four integers. The first integer is the pid of the process that was waited upon. The second integer is the corresponding spawn ID. The third integer is -1 if an operating system error occurred, or 0 otherwise. If the third integer was 0, the fourth integer is the status returned by the spawned process. If the third integer was -1, the fourth integer is the value of errno set by the operating system. The global variable errorCode is also set.

Additional elements may appear at the end of the return value from wait. An optional fifth element identifies a class of information. Currently, the only possible value for this element is CHILDKILLED in which case the next two values are the C-style signal name and a short textual description.

The -i option declares the process to wait corresponding to the named spawn ID (NOT the process ID). Inside a SIGCHLD handler, it is possible to wait for any spawned process by using the spawn ID -1.

The -nowait option causes the wait to return immediately with the indication of a successful wait. When the process exits (later), it automatically disappears without the need for an explicit wait.

The wait command may also be used wait for a forked process using the arguments -i -1. Unlike its use with spawned processes, this command can be executed at any time. There is no control over which process is reaped. However, the return value can be checked for the process id.

Pretty-Printing

A vgrind definition is available for pretty-printing Expect scripts. Assuming the vgrind definition supplied with the Expect distribution is correctly installed, you can use it as:

vgrind -lexpect file

EXAMPLES

It many not be apparent how to put everything together that this reference page describes. I encourage you to read and try out the examples in the example directory of the Expect distribution. Some of them are real programs. Others are simply illustrative of certain techniques, and of course, a couple are just quick hacks.

The Expect papers (see SEE ALSO) are also useful. While some papers use syntax corresponding to earlier versions of Expect, the accompanying rationales are still valid and go into a lot more detail than this reference page.

NOTES

Extensions may collide with Expect's command names. For this reason, most of the Expect commands are also available as exp_XXXX". For example, send is also available as exp_send Commands and variables beginning with exp, inter, spawn, and timeout do not have aliases. Use the extended command names if you need this compatibility between environments.

Expect takes a rather liberal view of scoping. In particular, variables read by commands specific to the Expect program are sought first from the local scope, and if not found, in the global scope. For example, this obviates the need to place global timeout in every procedure you write that uses expect. On the other hand, variables written are always in the local scope (unless a global command has been issued). The most common problem this causes is when spawn is executed in a procedure. Outside the procedure, spawn_id no longer exists, so the spawned process is no longer accessible simply because of scoping. Add a global spawn_id to such a procedure.

Terminal parameters can have a big effect on scripts. For example, if a script is written to look for echoing, it misbehaves if echoing is turned off. For this reason, Expect forces sane terminal parameters by default. Unfortunately, this can make things unpleasant for other programs. As an example, the emacs shell wants to change the "usual" mappings: newlines get mapped to newlines instead of carriage-return newlines, and echoing is disabled. This allows one to use emacs to edit the input line. Unfortunately, Expect cannot possibly guess this.

You can request that Expect not override its default setting of terminal parameters, but you must then be very careful when writing scripts for such environments. In the case of emacs, avoid depending upon things like echoing and end-of-line mappings.

The commands that accepted arguments braced into a single list (the expect variants and interact) use a heuristic to decide if the list is actually one argument or many. The heuristic can fail only in the case when the list actually does represent a single argument which has multiple embedded \\n's with non-whitespace characters between them. This seems sufficiently improbable, however the argument -nobrace can be used to force a single argument to be handled as a single argument. This could conceivably be used with machine-generated Expect code. Similarly, -brace forces a single argument to be handled as multiple patterns/actions.

EXPECT HINTS

There are a couple of things about Expect that may be non-intuitive. This section attempts to address some of these things with a couple of suggestions.

A common expect problem is how to recognize shell prompts. Since these are customized differently by differently people and different shells, portably automating rlogin can be difficult without knowing the prompt. A reasonable convention is to have users store a regular expression describing their prompt (in particular, the end of it) in the environment variable EXPECT_PROMPT. Code like the following can be used. If EXPECT_PROMPT doesn't exist, the code still has a good chance of functioning correctly.

set prompt "(%|#|\\\\$) $"          ;# default prompt
catch {set prompt $env(EXPECT_PROMPT)}

expect -re $prompt

I encourage you to write expect patterns that include the end of whatever you expect to see. This avoids the possibility of answering a question before seeing the entire thing. In addition, while you may well be able to answer questions before seeing them entirely, if you answer early, your answer may appear echoed back in the middle of the question. In other words, the resulting dialogue is correct but looks scrambled.

Most prompts include a space character at the end. For example, the prompt from ftp is ftp><blank>. To match this prompt, you must account for each of these characters. It is a common mistake to forget the blank. Put the blank in explicitly.

If you use a pattern of the form X*, the * matches all the output received from the end of X to the last thing received. This sounds intuitive but can be somewhat confusing because the phrase "last thing received" can vary depending upon the speed of the computer and the processing of I/O both by the kernel and the device driver.

In particular, humans tend to see program output arriving in huge chunks (atomically) when in reality most programs produce output one line at a time. Assuming this is the case, the * in the pattern of the previous paragraph may only match the end of the current line even though there seems to be more, because at the time of the match that was all the output that had been received.

expect has no way of knowing that further output is coming unless your pattern specifically accounts for it.

Even depending on line-oriented buffering is unwise. Not only do programs rarely make promises about the type of buffering they do, but system indigestion can break output lines up so that lines break at seemingly random places. Thus, if you can express the last few characters of a prompt when writing patterns, it is wise to do so.

If you are waiting for a pattern in the last output of a program and the program emits something else instead, you cannot detect that with the timeout keyword. The reason is that expect does not timeout — instead it gets an eof indication. Use that instead. Even better, use both. That way if that line is ever moved around, you won't have to edit the line itself.

Newlines are usually converted to carriage return, linefeed sequences when output by the terminal driver. Thus, if you want a pattern that explicitly matches the two lines, from, say, printf("foo\\nbar"), you should use the pattern foo\\r\\nbar.

A similar translation occurs when reading from the user, via expect_user. In this case, when you press return, it is translated to a newline. If Expect then passes that to a program which sets its terminal to raw mode (like telnet), there is going to be a problem, as the program expects a true return. (Some programs are actually forgiving in that they automatically translate newlines to returns, but most don't.) Unfortunately, there is no way to find out that a program put its terminal into raw mode.

Rather than manually replacing newlines with returns, the solution is to use the command stty raw, which stops the translation. Note, however, that this means that you no longer get the cooked line-editing features.

interact implicitly sets your terminal to raw mode so this problem does not arise then.

It is often useful to store passwords (or other private information) in Expect scripts. This is not recommended since anything that is stored on a computer is susceptible to being accessed by anyone. Thus, interactively prompting for passwords from a script is a smarter idea than embedding them literally. Nonetheless, sometimes such embedding is the only possibility.

Unfortunately, Windows has no direct way of creating scripts which are executable but unreadable.

PORTABILITY

Windows 8.1. Windows Server 2012 R2. Windows 10. Windows Server 2016. Windows Server 2019. Windows 11. Windows Server 2022.

The MKS Toolkit version of Expect uses the MKS Toolkit bsdftp and bsdtelnet for all ftp and telnet actions.

AVAILABILITY

PTC MKS Toolkit for Power Users
PTC MKS Toolkit for System Administrators
PTC MKS Toolkit for Developers
PTC MKS Toolkit for Interoperability
PTC MKS Toolkit for Professional Developers
PTC MKS Toolkit for Professional Developers 64-Bit Edition
PTC MKS Toolkit for Enterprise Developers
PTC MKS Toolkit for Enterprise Developers 64-Bit Edition

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks to John Ousterhout for Tcl, and Scott Paisley for inspiration. Thanks to Rob Savoye for Expect's autoconfiguration code.

Design and implementation of Expect was paid for in part by the U.S. government and is therefore in the public domain. However the author and NIST would like credit if this program and documentation or portions of them are used.

AUTHOR

Don Libes, National Institute of Standards and Technology

Expect programmed dialogue with interactive programs, Version 5	Command

Expect programmed dialogue with interactive programs, Version 5

Command

Expect
programmed dialogue with interactive programs, Version 5