| HTTP::Tiny - A small, simple, correct HTTP/1.1 client |
HTTP::Tiny - A small, simple, correct HTTP/1.1 client
version 0.076
use HTTP::Tiny;
my $response = HTTP::Tiny->new->get('http://example.com/');
die "Failed!\n" unless $response->{success};
print "$response->{status} $response->{reason}\n";
while (my ($k, $v) = each %{$response->{headers}}) {
for (ref $v eq 'ARRAY' ? @$v : $v) {
print "$k: $_\n";
}
}
print $response->{content} if length $response->{content};
This is a very simple HTTP/1.1 client, designed for doing simple requests without the overhead of a large framework like the LWP::UserAgent manpage.
It is more correct and more complete than the HTTP::Lite manpage. It supports proxies and redirection. It also correctly resumes after EINTR.
If the IO::Socket::IP manpage 0.25 or later is installed, HTTP::Tiny will use it instead of the IO::Socket::INET manpage for transparent support for both IPv4 and IPv6.
Cookie support requires the HTTP::CookieJar manpage or an equivalent class.
$http = HTTP::Tiny->new( %attributes );
This constructor returns a new HTTP::Tiny object. Valid attributes include:
agent — A user-agent string (defaults to 'HTTP-Tiny/$VERSION'). If agent — ends in a space character, the default user-agent string is appended.
cookie_jar — An instance of the HTTP::CookieJar manpage — or equivalent class that supports the add and cookie_header methods
default_headers — A hashref of default headers to apply to requests
local_address — The local IP address to bind to
keep_alive — Whether to reuse the last connection (if for the same scheme, host and port) (defaults to 1)
max_redirect — Maximum number of redirects allowed (defaults to 5)
max_size — Maximum response size in bytes (only when not using a data callback). If defined, responses larger than this will return an exception.
http_proxy — URL of a proxy server to use for HTTP connections (default is $ENV{http_proxy} — if set)
https_proxy — URL of a proxy server to use for HTTPS connections (default is $ENV{https_proxy} — if set)
proxy — URL of a generic proxy server for both HTTP and HTTPS connections (default is $ENV{all_proxy} — if set)
no_proxy — List of domain suffixes that should not be proxied. Must be a comma-separated string or an array reference. (default is $ENV{no_proxy} —)
timeout — Request timeout in seconds (default is 60) If a socket open, read or write takes longer than the timeout, an exception is thrown.
verify_SSL — A boolean that indicates whether to validate the SSL certificate of an https — connection (default is false)
SSL_options — A hashref of SSL_* — options to pass through to the IO::Socket::SSL manpage
Passing an explicit undef for proxy, http_proxy or https_proxy will
prevent getting the corresponding proxies from the environment.
Exceptions from max_size, timeout or other errors will result in a
pseudo-HTTP status code of 599 and a reason of ``Internal Exception''. The
content field in the response will contain the text of the exception.
The keep_alive parameter enables a persistent connection, but only to a
single destination scheme, host and port. Also, if any connection-relevant
attributes are modified, or if the process ID or thread ID change, the
persistent connection will be dropped. If you want persistent connections
across multiple destinations, use multiple HTTP::Tiny objects.
See SSL SUPPORT for more on the verify_SSL and SSL_options attributes.
$response = $http->get($url);
$response = $http->get($url, \%options);
$response = $http->head($url);
These methods are shorthand for calling request() for the given method. The
URL must have unsafe characters escaped and international domain names encoded.
See request() for valid options and a description of the response.
The success field of the response will be true if the status code is 2XX.
$response = $http->post_form($url, $form_data);
$response = $http->post_form($url, $form_data, \%options);
This method executes a POST request and sends the key/value pairs from a
form data hash or array reference to the given URL with a content-type of
application/x-www-form-urlencoded. If data is provided as an array
reference, the order is preserved; if provided as a hash reference, the terms
are sorted on key and value for consistency. See documentation for the
www_form_urlencode method for details on the encoding.
The URL must have unsafe characters escaped and international domain names
encoded. See request() for valid options and a description of the response.
Any content-type header or content in the options hashref will be ignored.
The success field of the response will be true if the status code is 2XX.
$response = $http->mirror($url, $file, \%options)
if ( $response->{success} ) {
print "$file is up to date\n";
}
Executes a GET request for the URL and saves the response body to the file
name provided. The URL must have unsafe characters escaped and international
domain names encoded. If the file already exists, the request will include an
If-Modified-Since header with the modification timestamp of the file. You
may specify a different If-Modified-Since header yourself in the <
$options-{headers} >> hash.
The success field of the response will be true if the status code is 2XX
or if the status code is 304 (unmodified).
If the file was modified and the server response includes a properly
formatted Last-Modified header, the file modification time will
be updated accordingly.
$response = $http->request($method, $url);
$response = $http->request($method, $url, \%options);
Executes an HTTP request of the given method type ('GET', 'HEAD', 'POST', 'PUT', etc.) on the given URL. The URL must have unsafe characters escaped and international domain names encoded.
NOTE: Method names are case-sensitive per the HTTP/1.1 specification.
Don't use get when you really want GET. See LIMITATIONS for
how this applies to redirection.
If the URL includes a ``user:password'' stanza, they will be used for Basic-style authorization headers. (Authorization headers will not be included in a redirected request.) For example:
$http->request('GET', 'http://Aladdin:open sesame@example.com/');
If the ``user:password'' stanza contains reserved characters, they must be percent-escaped:
$http->request('GET', 'http://john%40example.com:password@example.com/');
A hashref of options may be appended to modify the request.
Valid options are:
headers — A hashref containing headers to include with the request. If the value for a header is an array reference, the header will be output multiple times with each value in the array. These headers over-write any default headers.
content — A scalar to include as the body of the request OR a code reference that will be called iteratively to produce the body of the request
trailer_callback — A code reference that will be called if it exists to provide a hashref of trailing headers (only used with chunked transfer-encoding)
data_callback — A code reference that will be called for each chunks of the response body received.
peer — Override host resolution and force all connections to go only to a specific peer address, regardless of the URL of the request. This will include any redirections! This options should be used with extreme caution (e.g. debugging or very special circumstances). It can be given as either a scalar or a code reference that will receive the hostname and whose response will be taken as the address.
The Host header is generated from the URL in accordance with RFC 2616. It
is a fatal error to specify Host in the headers option. Other headers
may be ignored or overwritten if necessary for transport compliance.
If the content option is a code reference, it will be called iteratively
to provide the content body of the request. It should return the empty
string or undef when the iterator is exhausted.
If the content option is the empty string, no content-type or
content-length headers will be generated.
If the data_callback option is provided, it will be called iteratively until
the entire response body is received. The first argument will be a string
containing a chunk of the response body, the second argument will be the
in-progress response hash reference, as described below. (This allows
customizing the action of the callback based on the status or headers
received prior to the content body.)
The request method returns a hashref containing the response. The hashref
will have the following keys:
success — Boolean indicating whether the operation returned a 2XX status code
url — URL that provided the response. This is the URL of the request unless there were redirections, in which case it is the last URL queried in a redirection chain
status — The HTTP status code of the response
reason — The response phrase returned by the server
content — The body of the response. If the response does not have any content or if a data callback is provided to consume the response body, this will be the empty string
headers — A hashref of header fields. All header field names will be normalized to be lower case. If a header is repeated, the value will be an arrayref; it will otherwise be a scalar string containing the value
protocol - If this field exists, it is the protocol of the response such as HTTP/1.0 or HTTP/1.1
redirects If this field exists, it is an arrayref of response hash references from redirects in the same order that redirections occurred. If it does not exist, then no redirections occurred.
On an exception during the execution of the request, the status field will
contain 599, and the content field will contain the text of the exception.
$params = $http->www_form_urlencode( $data );
$response = $http->get("http://example.com/query?$params");
This method converts the key/value pairs from a data hash or array reference
into a x-www-form-urlencoded string. The keys and values from the data
reference will be UTF-8 encoded and escaped per RFC 3986. If a value is an
array reference, the key will be repeated with each of the values of the array
reference. If data is provided as a hash reference, the key/value pairs in the
resulting string will be sorted by key and value for consistent ordering.
$ok = HTTP::Tiny->can_ssl;
($ok, $why) = HTTP::Tiny->can_ssl;
($ok, $why) = $http->can_ssl;
Indicates if SSL support is available. When called as a class object, it
checks for the correct version of the Net::SSLeay manpage and the IO::Socket::SSL manpage.
When called as an object methods, if SSL_verify is true or if SSL_verify_mode
is set in SSL_options, it checks that a CA file is available.
In scalar context, returns a boolean indicating if SSL is available. In list context, returns the boolean and a (possibly multi-line) string of errors indicating why SSL isn't available.
$host = $http->connected;
($host, $port) = $http->connected;
Indicates if a connection to a peer is being kept alive, per the keep_alive
option.
In scalar context, returns the peer host and port, joined with a colon, or
undef (if no peer is connected).
In list context, returns the peer host and port or an empty list (if no peer
is connected).
Note: This method cannot reliably be used to discover whether the remote host has closed its end of the socket.
Direct https connections are supported only if the IO::Socket::SSL manpage 1.56 or
greater and the Net::SSLeay manpage 1.49 or greater are installed. An exception will be
thrown if new enough versions of these modules are not installed or if the SSL
encryption fails. You can also use HTTP::Tiny::can_ssl() utility function
that returns boolean to see if the required modules are installed.
An https connection may be made via an http proxy that supports the CONNECT
command (i.e. RFC 2817). You may not proxy https via a proxy that itself
requires https to communicate.
SSL provides two distinct capabilities:
By default, HTTP::Tiny does not verify server identity.
Server identity verification is controversial and potentially tricky because it depends on a (usually paid) third-party Certificate Authority (CA) trust model to validate a certificate as legitimate. This discriminates against servers with self-signed certificates or certificates signed by free, community-driven CA's such as CAcert.org.
By default, HTTP::Tiny does not make any assumptions about your trust model, threat level or risk tolerance. It just aims to give you an encrypted channel when you need one.
Setting the verify_SSL attribute to a true value will make HTTP::Tiny verify
that an SSL connection has a valid SSL certificate corresponding to the host
name of the connection and that the SSL certificate has been verified by a CA.
Assuming you trust the CA, this will protect against a man-in-the-middle attack. If you are
concerned about security, you should enable this option.
Certificate verification requires a file containing trusted CA certificates.
If the environment variable SSL_CERT_FILE is present, HTTP::Tiny
will try to find a CA certificate file in that location.
If the the Mozilla::CA manpage module is installed, HTTP::Tiny will use the CA file included with it as a source of trusted CA's. (This means you trust Mozilla, the author of Mozilla::CA, the CPAN mirror where you got Mozilla::CA, the toolchain used to install it, and your operating system security, right?)
If that module is not available, then HTTP::Tiny will search several system-specific default locations for a CA certificate file:
An exception will be raised if verify_SSL is true and no CA certificate file
is available.
If you desire complete control over SSL connections, the SSL_options attribute
lets you provide a hash reference that will be passed through to
IO::Socket::SSL::start_SSL(), overriding any options set by HTTP::Tiny. For
example, to provide your own trusted CA file:
SSL_options => {
SSL_ca_file => $file_path,
}
The SSL_options attribute could also be used for such things as providing a
client certificate for authentication to a server or controlling the choice of
cipher used for the SSL connection. See the IO::Socket::SSL manpage documentation for
details.
HTTP::Tiny can proxy both http and https requests. Only Basic proxy
authorization is supported and it must be provided as part of the proxy URL:
http://user:pass@proxy.example.com/.
HTTP::Tiny supports the following proxy environment variables:
If the REQUEST_METHOD environment variable is set, then this might be a CGI
process and HTTP_PROXY would be set from the Proxy: header, which is a
security risk. If REQUEST_METHOD is set, HTTP_PROXY (the upper case
variant only) is ignored.
Tunnelling https over an http proxy using the CONNECT method is
supported. If your proxy uses https itself, you can not tunnel https
over it.
Be warned that proxying an https connection opens you to the risk of a
man-in-the-middle attack by the proxy server.
The no_proxy environment variable is supported in the format of a
comma-separated list of domain extensions proxy should not be used for.
Proxy arguments passed to new will override their corresponding
environment variables.
HTTP::Tiny is conditionally compliant with the HTTP/1.1 specifications:
It attempts to meet all ``MUST'' requirements of the specification, but does not implement all ``SHOULD'' requirements. (Note: it was developed against the earlier RFC 2616 specification and may not yet meet the revised RFC 7230-7235 spec.)
Some particular limitations of note include:
Expect header.
Unexpected 1XX responses are silently ignored as per the specification.
Only 'chunked' Transfer-Encoding is supported.
There is no support for a Request-URI of '*' for the 'OPTIONS' request.
Headers mentioned in the RFCs and some other, well-known headers are
generated with their canonical case. Other headers are sent in the
case provided by the user. Except for control headers (which are sent first),
headers are sent in arbitrary order.
Despite the limitations listed above, HTTP::Tiny is considered feature-complete. New feature requests should be directed to the HTTP::Tiny::UA manpage.
Please report any bugs or feature requests through the issue tracker at https://github.com/chansen/p5-http-tiny/issues. You will be notified automatically of any progress on your issue.
This is open source software. The code repository is available for public review and contribution under the terms of the license.
https://github.com/chansen/p5-http-tiny
git clone https://github.com/chansen/p5-http-tiny.git
This software is copyright (c) 2018 by Christian Hansen.
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
| HTTP::Tiny - A small, simple, correct HTTP/1.1 client |