|
Tk::Text - Create and manipulate Text widgets
|
Tk::Text - Create and manipulate Text widgets
$text = $parent->Text(?options?);
| -background | -highlightbackground | -insertontime | -selectborderwidth
|
| -borderwidth | -highlightcolor | -insertwidth | -selectforeground
|
| -cursor | -highlightthickness | -padx | -setgrid
|
| -exportselection | -insertbackground | -pady | -takefocus
|
| -font | -insertborderwidth | -relief | -xscrollcommand
|
| -foreground | -insertofftime | -selectbackground | -yscrollcommand |
- Name: height
- Class: Height
- Switch: -height
-
Specifies the desired height for the window, in units of characters
in the font given by the -font option.
Must be at least one.
- Name: spacing1
- Class: Spacing1
- Switch: -spacing1
-
Requests additional space above each text line in the widget,
using any of the standard forms for screen distances.
If a line wraps, this option only applies to the first line
on the display.
This option may be overriden with -spacing1 options in
tags.
- Name: spacing2
- Class: Spacing2
- Switch: -spacing2
-
For lines that wrap (so that they cover more than one line on the
display) this option specifies additional space to provide between
the display lines that represent a single line of text.
The value may have any of the standard forms for screen distances.
This option may be overriden with -spacing2 options in
tags.
- Name: spacing3
- Class: Spacing3
- Switch: -spacing3
-
Requests additional space below each text line in the widget,
using any of the standard forms for screen distances.
If a line wraps, this option only applies to the last line
on the display.
This option may be overriden with -spacing3 options in
tags.
- Name: state
- Class: State
- Switch: -state
-
Specifies one of two states for the text: normal or disabled.
If the text is disabled then characters may not be inserted or deleted
and no insertion cursor will be displayed, even if the input focus is
in the widget.
- Name: tabs
- Class: Tabs
- Switch: -tabs
-
Specifies a set of tab stops for the window. The option's value consists
of a list of screen distances giving the positions of the tab stops. Each
position may optionally be followed in the next list element
by one of the keywords left, right, center,
or numeric, which specifies how to justify
text relative to the tab stop. Left is the default; it causes
the text following the tab character to be positioned with its left edge
at the tab position. Right means that the right edge of the text
following the tab character is positioned at the tab position, and
center means that the text is centered at the tab position.
Numeric means that the decimal point in the text is positioned
at the tab position; if there is no decimal point then the least
significant digit of the number is positioned just to the left of the
tab position; if there is no number in the text then the text is
right-justified at the tab position.
For example, -tabs => [qw/2c left 4c 6c center/] creates three
tab stops at two-centimeter intervals; the first two use left
justification and the third uses center justification.
If the list of tab stops does not have enough elements to cover all
of the tabs in a text line, then Tk extrapolates new tab stops using
the spacing and alignment from the last tab stop in the list.
The value of the tabs option may be overridden by -tabs
options in tags.
If no -tabs option is specified, or if it is specified as
an empty list, then Tk uses default tabs spaced every eight
(average size) characters.
- Name: width
- Class: Width
- Switch: -width
-
Specifies the desired width for the window in units of characters
in the font given by the -font option.
If the font doesn't have a uniform width then the width of the
character ``0'' is used in translating from character units to
screen units.
- Name: wrap
- Class: Wrap
- Switch: -wrap
-
Specifies how to handle lines in the text that are too long to be
displayed in a single line of the text's window.
The value must be none or char or word.
A wrap mode of none means that each line of text appears as
exactly one line on the screen; extra characters that don't fit
on the screen are not displayed.
In the other modes each line of text will be broken up into several
screen lines if necessary to keep all the characters visible.
In char mode a screen line break may occur after any character;
in word mode a line break will only be made at word boundaries.
The Text method creates a new window (given by the
$text argument) and makes it into a text widget.
Additional
options, described above, may be specified on the command line
or in the option database
to configure aspects of the text such as its default background color
and relief. The text command returns the
path name of the new window.
A text widget displays one or more lines of text and allows that
text to be edited.
Text widgets support four different kinds of annotations on the
text, called tags, marks, embedded windows or embedded images.
Tags allow different portions of the text
to be displayed with different fonts and colors.
In addition, perl/Tk callbacks can be associated with tags so
that scripts are invoked when particular actions such as keystrokes
and mouse button presses occur in particular ranges of the text.
See TAGS below for more details.
The second form of annotation consists of marks, which are floating
markers in the text.
Marks are used to keep track of various interesting positions in the
text as it is edited.
See MARKS below for more details.
The third form of annotation allows arbitrary windows to be
embedded in a text widget.
See EMBEDDED WINDOWS below for more details.
The fourth form of annotation allows Tk images to be embedded in a text
widget.
See EMBEDDED IMAGES below for more details.
The Perl/Tk Text widget does not support undo/redo, use the TextUndo
widget instead.
Many of the methods for texts take one or more indices
as arguments.
An index is a string used to indicate a particular place within
a text, such as a place to insert characters or one endpoint of a
range of characters to delete.
Indices have the syntax
base modifier modifier modifier ...
Where base gives a starting point and the modifiers
adjust the index from the starting point (e.g. move forward or
backward one character). Every index must contain a base,
but the modifiers are optional.
The base for an index must have one of the following forms:
- line.char
-
Indicates char'th character on line line.
Lines are numbered from 1 for consistency with other UNIX programs
that use this numbering scheme.
Within a line, characters are numbered from 0.
If char is end then it refers to the newline character
that ends the line.
- @x,y
-
Indicates the character that covers the pixel whose x and y coordinates
within the text's window are x and y.
- end
-
Indicates the end of the text (the character just after the last
newline).
- mark
-
Indicates the character just after the mark whose name is mark.
- tag.first
-
Indicates the first character in the text that has been tagged with
tag.
This form generates an error if no characters are currently tagged
with tag.
- tag.last
-
Indicates the character just after the last one in the text that has
been tagged with tag.
This form generates an error if no characters are currently tagged
with tag.
- $widget
-
Indicates the position of the embedded window referenced by $widget.
This form generates an error if $widget does not reference to an
embedded window.
- imageName
-
Indicates the position of the embedded image whose name is
imageName.
This form generates an error if there is no embedded image
by the given name.
If the base could match more than one of the above forms, such
as a mark and imageName both having the same value, then
the form earlier in the above list takes precedence.
If modifiers follow the base index, each one of them must have one
of the forms listed below. Keywords such as chars and wordend
may be abbreviated as long as the abbreviation is unambiguous.
- + count chars
-
Adjust the index forward by count characters, moving to later
lines in the text if necessary. If there are fewer than count
characters in the text after the current index, then set the index
to the last character in the text.
Spaces on either side of count are optional.
- - count chars
-
Adjust the index backward by count characters, moving to earlier
lines in the text if necessary. If there are fewer than count
characters in the text before the current index, then set the index
to the first character in the text.
Spaces on either side of count are optional.
- + count lines
-
Adjust the index forward by count lines, retaining the same
character position within the line. If there are fewer than count
lines after the line containing the current index, then set the index
to refer to the same character position on the last line of the text.
Then, if the line is not long enough to contain a character at the indicated
character position, adjust the character position to refer to the last
character of the line (the newline).
Spaces on either side of count are optional.
- - count lines
-
Adjust the index backward by count lines, retaining the same
character position within the line. If there are fewer than count
lines before the line containing the current index, then set the index
to refer to the same character position on the first line of the text.
Then, if the line is not long enough to contain a character at the indicated
character position, adjust the character position to refer to the last
character of the line (the newline).
Spaces on either side of count are optional.
- linestart
-
Adjust the index to refer to the first character on the line.
- lineend
-
Adjust the index to refer to the last character on the line (the newline).
- wordstart
-
Adjust the index to refer to the first character of the word containing
the current index. A word consists of any number of adjacent characters
that are letters, digits, or underscores, or a single character that
is not one of these.
- wordend
-
Adjust the index to refer to the character just after the last one of the
word containing the current index. If the current index refers to the last
character of the text then it is not modified.
If more than one modifier is present then they are applied in
left-to-right order. For example, the index ``end - 1 chars''
refers to the next-to-last character in the text and
``insert wordstart - 1 c'' refers to the character just before
the first one in the word containing the insertion cursor.
The first form of annotation in text widgets is a tag.
A tag is a textual string that is associated with some of the characters
in a text.
Tags may contain arbitrary characters, but it is probably best to
avoid using the the characters `` '' (space), +, or -:
these characters have special meaning in indices, so tags containing
them can't be used as indices.
There may be any number of tags associated with characters in a
text.
Each tag may refer to a single character, a range of characters, or
several ranges of characters.
An individual character may have any number of tags associated with it.
A priority order is defined among tags, and this order is used in
implementing some of the tag-related functions described below.
When a tag is defined (by associating it with characters or setting
its display options or binding callbacks to it), it is given
a priority higher than any existing tag.
The priority order of tags may be redefined using the
``$text->tagRaise'' and ``$text->tagLower''
methods.
Tags serve three purposes in text widgets.
First, they control the way information is displayed on the screen.
By default, characters are displayed as determined by the
background, font, and foreground options for the
text widget.
However, display options may be associated with individual tags
using the ``$text->tagConfigure'' method.
If a character has been tagged, then the display options associated
with the tag override the default display style.
The following options are currently supported for tags:
- -background => color
-
Color specifies the background color to use for characters
associated with the tag.
It may have any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetColor.
- -bgstipple => bitmap
-
Bitmap specifies a bitmap that is used as a stipple pattern
for the background.
It may have any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetBitmap.
If bitmap hasn't been specified, or if it is specified
as an empty string, then a solid fill will be used for the
background.
- -borderwidth => pixels
-
Pixels specifies the width of a 3-D border to draw around
the background.
It may have any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetPixels.
This option is used in conjunction with the -relief
option to give a 3-D appearance to the background for characters;
it is ignored unless the -background option
has been set for the tag.
- -elide => boolean
-
Elide specifies whether the data should be elided. Elided data
is not displayed and takes no space on screen, but further on
behaves just as normal data.
- -data => value
-
Allows an arbitrary perl scalar value to be associated with the tag.
- -fgstipple => bitmap
-
Bitmap specifies a bitmap that is used as a stipple pattern
when drawing text and other foreground information such as
underlines.
It may have any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetBitmap.
If bitmap hasn't been specified, or if it is specified
as an empty string, then a solid fill will be used.
- -font => fontName
-
FontName is the name of a font to use for drawing characters.
It may have any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetFontStruct.
- -foreground => color
-
Color specifies the color to use when drawing text and other
foreground information such as underlines.
It may have any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetColor.
- -justify => justify
-
If the first character of a display line has a tag for which this
option has been specified, then justify determines how to
justify the line.
It must be one of left, right, or center.
If a line wraps, then the justification for each line on the
display is determined by the first character of that display line.
- -lmargin1 => pixels
-
If the first character of a text line has a tag for which this
option has been specified, then pixels specifies how
much the line should be indented from the left edge of the
window.
Pixels may have any of the standard forms for screen
distances.
If a line of text wraps, this option only applies to the
first line on the display; the -lmargin2 option controls
the indentation for subsequent lines.
- -lmargin2 => pixels
-
If the first character of a display line has a tag for which this
option has been specified, and if the display line is not the
first for its text line (i.e., the text line has wrapped), then
pixels specifies how much the line should be indented from
the left edge of the window.
Pixels may have any of the standard forms for screen
distances.
This option is only used when wrapping is enabled, and it only
applies to the second and later display lines for a text line.
- -offset => pixels
-
Pixels specifies an amount by which the text's baseline
should be offset vertically from the baseline of the overall
line, in pixels.
For example, a positive offset can be used for superscripts
and a negative offset can be used for subscripts.
Pixels may have any of the standard forms for screen
distances.
- -overstrike => boolean
-
Specifies whether or not to draw a horizontal rule through
the middle of characters.
Boolean may have any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetBoolean.
- -relief => relief
-
Relief specifies the 3-D relief to use for drawing backgrounds,
in any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetRelief.
This option is used in conjunction with the -borderwidth
option to give a 3-D appearance to the background for characters;
it is ignored unless the -background option
has been set for the tag.
- -rmargin => pixels
-
If the first character of a display line has a tag for which this
option has been specified, then pixels specifies how wide
a margin to leave between the end of the line and the right
edge of the window.
Pixels may have any of the standard forms for screen
distances.
This option is only used when wrapping is enabled.
If a text line wraps, the right margin for each line on the
display is determined by the first character of that display
line.
- -spacing1 => pixels
-
Pixels specifies how much additional space should be
left above each text line, using any of the standard forms for
screen distances.
If a line wraps, this option only applies to the first
line on the display.
- -spacing2 => pixels
-
For lines that wrap, this option specifies how much additional
space to leave between the display lines for a single text line.
Pixels may have any of the standard forms for screen
distances.
- -spacing3 => pixels
-
Pixels specifies how much additional space should be
left below each text line, using any of the standard forms for
screen distances.
If a line wraps, this option only applies to the last
line on the display.
- -tabs => tabList
-
TabList specifies a set of tab stops in the same form
as for the -tabs option for the text widget. This
option only applies to a display line if it applies to the
first character on that display line.
If this option is specified as an empty string, it cancels
the option, leaving it unspecified for the tag (the default).
If the option is specified as a non-empty string that is
an empty list, such as -tabs = `` ''>, then it requests
default 8-character tabs as described for the tabs
widget option.
- -underline => boolean
-
Boolean specifies whether or not to draw an underline underneath
characters.
It may have any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetBoolean.
- -wrap => mode
-
Mode specifies how to handle lines that are wider than the
text's window.
It has the same legal values as the -wrap option
for the text widget: none, char, or word.
If this tag option is specified, it overrides the -wrap option
for the text widget.
If a character has several tags associated with it, and if their
display options conflict, then the options of the highest priority
tag are used.
If a particular display option hasn't been specified for a
particular tag, or if it is specified as an empty string, then
that option will never be used; the next-highest-priority
tag's option will used instead.
If no tag specifies a particular display option, then the default
style for the widget will be used.
The second purpose for tags is event bindings.
You can associate bindings with a tag in much the same way you can
associate bindings with a widget class: whenever particular X
events occur on characters with the given tag, a given
<perl/Tk callback|Tk::callbacks> will be executed.
Tag bindings can be used to give behaviors to ranges of characters;
among other things, this allows hypertext-like
features to be implemented.
For details, see the description of the tagBind widget
method below.
The third use for tags is in managing the selection.
See THE SELECTION below.
The second form of annotation in text widgets is a mark.
Marks are used for remembering particular places in a text.
They are something like tags, in that they have names and
they refer to places in the file, but a mark isn't associated
with particular characters.
Instead, a mark is associated with the gap between two characters.
Only a single position may be associated with a mark at any given
time.
If the characters around a mark are deleted the mark will still
remain; it will just have new neighbor characters.
In contrast, if the characters containing a tag are deleted then
the tag will no longer have an association with characters in
the file.
Marks may be manipulated with the ``$text->mark'' text widget
method, and their current locations may be determined by using the
mark name as an index in methods.
Each mark also has a gravity, which is either left or
right.
The gravity for a mark specifies what happens to the mark when
text is inserted at the point of the mark.
If a mark has left gravity, then the mark is treated as if it
were attached to the character on its left, so the mark will
remain to the left of any text inserted at the mark position.
If the mark has right gravity, new text inserted at the mark
position will appear to the right of the mark. The gravity
for a mark defaults to right.
The name space for marks is different from that for tags: the
same name may be used for both a mark and a tag, but they will refer
to different things.
Two marks have special significance.
First, the mark insert is associated with the insertion cursor,
as described under THE INSERTION CURSOR below.
Second, the mark current is associated with the character
closest to the mouse and is adjusted automatically to track the
mouse position and any changes to the text in the widget (one
exception: current is not updated in response to mouse
motions if a mouse button is down; the update will be deferred
until all mouse buttons have been released).
Neither of these special marks may be deleted.
The third form of annotation in text widgets is an embedded window.
Each embedded window annotation causes a window to be displayed
at a particular point in the text.
There may be any number of embedded windows in a text widget,
and any widget may be used as an embedded window (subject to the
usual rules for geometry management, which require the text window
to be the parent of the embedded window or a descendant of its
parent).
The embedded window's position on the screen will be updated as the
text is modified or scrolled, and it will be mapped and unmapped as
it moves into and out of the visible area of the text widget.
Each embedded window occupies one character's worth of index space
in the text widget, and it may be referred to either by the name
of its embedded window or by its position in the widget's
index space.
If the range of text containing the embedded window is deleted then
the window is destroyed.
When an embedded window is added to a text widget with the
widgetCreate method, several configuration
options may be associated with it.
These options may be modified later with the widgetConfigure
method.
The following options are currently supported:
- -align => where
-
If the window is not as tall as the line in which it is displayed,
this option determines where the window is displayed in the line.
Where must have one of the values top (align the top of the window
with the top of the line), center (center the window
within the range of the line), bottom (align the bottom of the
window with the bottom of the line's area),
or baseline (align the bottom of the window with the baseline
of the line).
- -create => callback
-
Specifies a callback that may be evaluated to create the window
for the annotation.
If no -window option has been specified for the annotation
this callback will be evaluated when the annotation is about to
be displayed on the screen.
Callback must create a window for the annotation and return
the name of that window as its result.
If the annotation's window should ever be deleted, callback
will be evaluated again the next time the annotation is displayed.
- -padx => pixels
-
Pixels specifies the amount of extra space to leave on
each side of the embedded window.
It may have any of the usual forms defined for a screen distance
(see Tk_GetPixels).
- -pady => pixels
-
Pixels specifies the amount of extra space to leave on
the top and on the bottom of the embedded window.
It may have any of the usual forms defined for a screen distance
(see Tk_GetPixels).
- -stretch => boolean
-
If the requested height of the embedded window is less than the
height of the line in which it is displayed, this option can be
used to specify whether the window should be stretched vertically
to fill its line.
If the -pady option has been specified as well, then the
requested padding will be retained even if the window is
stretched.
- -window => $widget
-
Specifies the name of a window to display in the annotation.
The final form of annotation in text widgets is an embedded image.
Each embedded image annotation causes an image to be displayed
at a particular point in the text.
There may be any number of embedded images in a text widget,
and a particular image may be embedded in multiple places in the same
text widget.
The embedded image's position on the screen will be updated as the
text is modified or scrolled.
Each embedded image occupies one character's worth of index space
in the text widget, and it may be referred to either by
its position in the widget's index space, or the name it is assigned
when the image is inserted into the text widget with imageCreate.
If the range of text containing the embedded image is deleted then
that copy of the image is removed from the screen.
When an embedded image is added to a text widget with the image
create method, a name unique to this instance of the image
is returned. This name may then be used to refer to this image
instance. The name is taken to be the value of the -name option
(described below). If the -name option is not provided, the
-image name is used instead. If the imageName is already
in use in the text widget, then #nn is added to the end of the
imageName, where nn is an arbitrary integer. This insures
the imageName is unique.
Once this name is assigned to this instance of the image, it does not
change, even though the -image or -name values can be changed
with image configure.
When an embedded image is added to a text widget with the
imageCreate method, several configuration
options may be associated with it.
These options may be modified later with the image configure
method.
The following options are currently supported:
- -align => where
-
If the image is not as tall as the line in which it is displayed,
this option determines where the image is displayed in the line.
Where must have one of the values top (align the top of the image
with the top of the line), center (center the image
within the range of the line), bottom (align the bottom of the
image with the bottom of the line's area),
or baseline (align the bottom of the image with the baseline
of the line).
- -image => image
-
Specifies the name of the Tk image to display in the annotation.
If image is not a valid Tk image, then an error is returned.
- -name => ImageName
-
Specifies the name by which this image instance may be referenced in
the text widget. If ImageName is not supplied, then the
name of the Tk image is used instead.
If the imageName is already in use, #nn is appended to
the end of the name as described above.
- -padx => pixels
-
Pixels specifies the amount of extra space to leave on
each side of the embedded image.
It may have any of the usual forms defined for a screen distance.
- -pady => pixels
-
Pixels specifies the amount of extra space to leave on
the top and on the bottom of the embedded image.
It may have any of the usual forms defined for a screen distance.
Selection support is implemented via tags.
If the exportSelection option for the text widget is true
then the sel tag will be associated with the selection:
- [1]
-
Whenever characters are tagged with sel the text widget
will claim ownership of the selection.
- [2]
-
Attempts to retrieve the
selection will be serviced by the text widget, returning all the
characters with the sel tag.
- [3]
-
If the selection is claimed away by another application or by another
window within this application, then the sel tag will be removed
from all characters in the text.
- [4]
-
Whenever the sel tag range changes a virtual event <<Selection>>
is generated.
-
The sel tag is automatically defined when a text widget is
created, and it may not be deleted with the ``$text->tagDelete''
method. Furthermore, the selectBackground,
selectBorderWidth, and selectForeground options for
the text widget are tied to the -background,
-borderwidth, and -foreground options for the sel
tag: changes in either will automatically be reflected in the
other.
The mark named insert has special significance in text widgets.
It is defined automatically when a text widget is created and it
may not be unset with the ``$text->markUnset'' widget
command.
The insert mark represents the position of the insertion
cursor, and the insertion cursor will automatically be drawn at
this point whenever the text widget has the input focus.
The text widget can keep track of changes to the content of the widget
by means of the modified flag. Inserting or deleting text will set this
flag. The flag can be queried, set and cleared programatically as well.
Whenever the flag changes state a <<Modified>> virtual event is gener-
ated. See the edit modified widget command for more details.
The Text method creates a widget object.
This object supports the configure and cget methods
described in the Tk::options manpage which can be used to enquire and
modify the options described above.
The widget also inherits all the methods provided by the generic
Tk::Widget class.
The following additional methods are available for text widgets.
In addition, the extended text widget methods as documented
in ``Mastering Perl/Tk'' are included in this pod (with
permission from the publisher, O'Reilly and Associates Inc.).
- $text->adjustSelect
-
Moves the end point of the selection and anchor point to the
mouse pointer location.
- $text->bbox(index)
-
Returns a list of four elements describing the screen area
of the character given by index.
The first two elements of the list give the x and y coordinates
of the upper-left corner of the area occupied by the
character, and the last two elements give the width and height
of the area.
If the character is only partially visible on the screen, then
the return value reflects just the visible part.
If the character is not visible on the screen then the return
value is an empty list.
- $text->clipboardColumnCopy
-
Performs a rectangular copy of the currently selected text with
basic compensation for tab characters.
- $text->clipboardColumnCut
-
Performs a rectangular cut of the currently selected text with
basic compensation for tab characters.
- $text->clipboardColumnPaste
-
Performs a rectangular paste of the text in the clipboard. The
upper-left corner is specified by the current position of the
insert mark with basic compensation for tab characters.
- $text->compare(index1, op, index2)
-
Compares the indices given by index1 and index2 according
to the relational operator given by op, and returns 1 if
the relationship is satisfied and 0 if it isn't.
Op must be one of the operators <, <=, ==, >=, >, or !=.
If op is == then 1 is returned if the two indices refer to
the same character, if op is < then 1 is returned if index1
refers to an earlier character in the text than index2, and
so on.
- $text->Contents(?args?)
-
Query or change the entire contents of the text widget. If no
arguments are given, the entire contents of the text widget are
returned. If any arguments are given, the entire contents of the
text widget are deleted and replaced by the argument list.
- $text->debug(?boolean?)
-
If boolean is specified, then it must have one of the true or
false values accepted by Tcl_GetBoolean.
If the value is a true one then internal consistency checks will be
turned on in the B-tree code associated with text widgets.
If boolean has a false value then the debugging checks will
be turned off.
In either case the command returns an empty string.
If boolean is not specified then the command returns on
or off to indicate whether or not debugging is turned on.
There is a single debugging switch shared by all text widgets: turning
debugging on or off in any widget turns it on or off for all widgets.
For widgets with large amounts of text, the consistency checks may
cause a noticeable slow-down.
- $text->delete(index1, ?index2?)
-
Delete a range of characters from the text.
If both index1 and index2 are specified, then delete
all the characters starting with the one given by index1
and stopping just before index2 (i.e. the character at
index2 is not deleted).
If index2 doesn't specify a position later in the text
than index1 then no characters are deleted.
If index2 isn't specified then the single character at
index1 is deleted.
It is not allowable to delete characters in a way that would leave
the text without a newline as the last character.
The command returns an empty string.
If more indices are given, multiple ranges of text will
be deleted. All indices are first checked for validity before
any deletions are made. They are sorted and the text is removed
from the last range to the first range to deleted text does not
cause a undesired index shifting side-effects. If multiple
ranges with the same start index are given, then the longest
range is used. If overlapping ranges are given, then they will
be merged into spans that do not cause deletion of text outside
the given ranges due to text shifted during deletion.
- $text->deleteSelected
-
Delete the currently selected text.
- $text->deleteTextTaggedWith(tag)
-
Delete the text tagged with the tag parameter.
- $text->deleteToEndofLine
-
Delete from the insert mark location to the end of line.
- $text->dlineinfo(index)
-
Returns a list with five elements describing the area occupied
by the display line containing index.
The first two elements of the list give the x and y coordinates
of the upper-left corner of the area occupied by the
line, the third and fourth elements give the width and height
of the area, and the fifth element gives the position of the baseline
for the line, measured down from the top of the area.
All of this information is measured in pixels.
If the current wrap mode is none and the line extends beyond
the boundaries of the window,
the area returned reflects the entire area of the line, including the
portions that are out of the window.
If the line is shorter than the full width of the window then the
area returned reflects just the portion of the line that is occupied
by characters and embedded windows.
If the display line containing index is not visible on
the screen then the return value is an empty list.
- $text->dump(?switches?, index1, ?index2?)
-
Return the contents of the text widget from index1 up to,
but not including index2,
including the text and
information about marks, tags, and embedded windows.
If index2 is not specified, then it defaults to
one character past index1. The information is returned
in the following format:
-
key1 value1 index1 key2 value2 index2 ...
-
The possible key values are text, mark,
tagon, tagoff, and $text. The corresponding
value is the text, mark name, tag name, or window name.
The index information is the index of the
start of the text, the mark, the tag transition, or the window.
One or more of the following switches (or abbreviations thereof)
may be specified to control the dump:
- -all
-
Return information about all elements: text, marks, tags, and windows.
This is the default.
- -command => callback
-
Instead of returning the information as the result of the dump operation,
invoke the callback on each element of the text widget within the range.
The callback has three arguments appended to it before it is evaluated:
the key, value, and index.
- -mark
-
Include information about marks in the dump results.
- -tag
-
Include information about tag transitions in the dump results. Tag information is
returned as tagon and tagoff elements that indicate the
begin and end of each range of each tag, respectively.
- -text
-
Include information about text in the dump results. The value is the
text up to the next element or the end of range indicated by index2.
A text element does not span newlines. A multi-line block of text that
contains no marks or tag transitions will still be dumped as a set
of text seqments that each end with a newline. The newline is part
of the value.
- -window
Include information about embedded windows in the dump results.
The value of a window is its Tk pathname, unless the window
has not been created yet. (It must have a create script.)
In this case an empty string is returned, and you must query the
window by its index position to get more information.
- $text->edit( option, ?arg, arg ...? );
-
This command controls the undo mechanism and the modified flag.
The exact behavior of the command depends on the option argument
that follows the edit argument. The following forms of the command
are currently supported:
- $text->editModified( ?boolean? );
-
If boolean is not specified, returns the modified flag of
the widget. The insert, delete, edit undo and edit redo
commands or the user can set or clear the modified flag.
If boolean is specified, sets the modified flag of the
widget to boolean.
- $text->editRedo;
-
(Not implemented, use TextUndo.) When the -undo option is true,
reapplies the last undone edits provided no other edits were done
since then. Generates an error when the redo stack is empty. Does
nothing when the -undo option is false.
- $text->editReset;
-
(Not implemented, use TextUndo.) Clears the undo and redo stacks.
- $text->editSeparator;
-
(Not implemented, use TextUndo.) Inserts a separator (boundary) on
the undo stack. Does nothing when the -undo option is false.
- $text->editUndo;
-
(Not implemented, use TextUndo.) Undoes the last edit action when
the -undo option is true. An edit action is defined as all the insert
and delete commands that are recorded on the undo stack in between two
separators. Generates an error when the undo stack is empty. Does
nothing when the -undo option is false.
- $text->FindAll(mode, case, pattern)
-
Removes any current selections and then performs a global text
search. All matches are tagged with the sel tag.
-
mode can be be -exact or -regexp. See the search command
for more information
-
case can be -nocase or -case. See the search command
for more information
-
pattern is an exact string to match if mode is -exact or a
regular expression if the match mode is -regexp.
- $text->FindAndReplaceAll(mode, case, find, replace)
-
Same as the FindAll method, however additionally substitutes the
matched text with the characters replace.
- $text->FindAndReplacePopUp
-
Creates a find-and-replace popup window if one does not already exist.
If there is currently selected text, then the 'find' field will be
'pre-filled' with the selection.
- $text->FindNext(direction, mode, case, pattern)
-
Removes any current selections and then performs a forward or reverse
text search. All matches are tagged with the sel tag. direction
can be -forwards or -backwards. mode, case and pattern are
as for the FindAll method.
- $text->FindPopUp
-
Creates a find popup, if one does not yet exist. If there is currently
selected text, then the 'find' field will be 'pre-filled' with the
selection.
- $text->FindSelectionNext
-
Gets the currently selected text and removes all selections. It then
finds the next exact, case-sensitive string that matches in a forward
direction and selects the text and makes the new selection visible.
- $text->FindSelectionPrevious
-
Gets the currently selected text and removes all selections. It then
finds the next exact, case-sensitive string that matches in a reverse
direction and selects the text and makes the new selection visible.
- $text->get(index1, ?index2?)
-
Return a range of characters from the text. The return value will be
all the characters in the text starting with the one whose index is
index1 and ending just before the one whose index is index2 (the
character at index2 will not be returned). If index2 is omitted
then the single character at index1 is returned. If there are no
characters in the specified range (e.g. index1 is past the end of
the file or index2 is less than or equal to index1) then an
empty string is returned. If the specified range contains embedded
windows, no information about them is included in the returned string.
If multiple index pairs are given, multiple ranges of text will be
returned in a list. Invalid ranges will not be represented with empty
strings in the list. The ranges are returned in the order passed to
get.
- $text->getSelected
-
Return the currently selected text.
- $text->GetTextTaggedWith(tag)
-
Return the text tagged with the tag parameter.
- $text->GotoLineNumber(line_number)
-
Set the insert mark to line_number and ensures the line is
visible.
- $text->GotoLineNumberPopUp(line_number)
-
Displays a popup, pre-filling it with selected numeric text
(if any), or the line number from GotoLineNumber (if any).
- $text->image(option, ?arg, arg, ...?)
- $text->imageOption(?arg, arg, ...?)
-
This method is used to manipulate embedded images.
The behavior of the method depends on the option argument
that follows the image prefix.
The following forms of the methods are currently supported:
- $text->imageCget(index, option)
-
Returns the value of a configuration option for an embedded image.
Index identifies the embedded image, and option
specifies a particular configuration option, which must be one of
the ones listed in EMBEDDED IMAGES.
- $text->imageConfigure(index, ?option, value, ...?)
-
Query or modify the configuration options for an embedded image.
If no option is specified, returns a list describing all of
the available options for the embedded image at index
(see the Tk::options manpage for information on the format of this list).
If option is specified with no value, then the command
returns a list describing the one named option (this list will be
identical to the corresponding sublist of the value returned if no
option is specified).
If one or more option-value pairs are specified, then the command
modifies the given
option(s) to have the given value(s); in
this case the command returns an empty string.
See EMBEDDED IMAGES for information on the options that
are supported.
- $text->imageCreate(index, ?option, value, ...?)
-
This command creates a new image annotation, which will appear
in the text at the position given by index.
Any number of option-value pairs may be specified to
configure the annotation.
Returns a unique identifier that may be used as an index to refer to
this image.
See EMBEDDED IMAGES for information on the options that
are supported, and a description of the identifier returned.
- $text->imageNames
-
Returns a list whose elements are the names of all image instances currently
embedded in $text.
- $text->index(index)
-
Returns the position corresponding to index in the form
line.char where line is the line number and char
is the character number.
Index may have any of the forms described under INDICES above.
- $text->insert(index, chars, ?tagList, chars, tagList, ...?)
-
Inserts all of the chars arguments just before the character at
index.
If index refers to the end of the text (the character after
the last newline) then the new text is inserted just before the
last newline instead.
If there is a single chars argument and no tagList, then
the new text will receive any tags that are present on both the
character before and the character after the insertion point; if a tag
is present on only one of these characters then it will not be
applied to the new text.
If tagList is specified then it consists of a list of
tag names; the new characters will receive all of the tags in
this list and no others, regardless of the tags present around
the insertion point.
If multiple chars-tagList argument pairs are present,
they produce the same effect as if a separate insert widget
command had been issued for each pair, in order.
The last tagList argument may be omitted.
- $text->Insert(string)
-
Do NOT confuse this with the lower-case insert method.
Insert string at the point of the insertion cursor. If there is
a selection in the text, and it covers the point of the insertion
cursor, then it deletes the selection before inserting.
- $text->InsertKeypress(character)
-
Inserts character at the insert mark. If in overstrike mode,
it firsts deletes the character at the insert mark.
- $text->InsertSelection
-
Inserts the current selection at the insert mark.
- $text->insertTab
-
Inserts a tab (\t) character at the insert mark.
- $text->mark(option, ?arg, arg, ...?)
-
This command is used to manipulate marks. The exact behavior of
the command depends on the option argument that follows
the mark argument. The following forms of the command
are currently supported:
- $text->markGravity(markName, ?direction?)
-
If direction is not specified, returns left or right
to indicate which of its adjacent characters markName is attached
to.
If direction is specified, it must be left or right;
the gravity of markName is set to the given value.
- $text->markNames
-
Returns a list whose elements are the names of all the marks that
are currently set.
- $text->markNext(index)
-
Returns the name of the next mark at or after index.
If index is specified in numerical form, then the search for
the next mark begins at that index.
If index is the name of a mark, then the search for
the next mark begins immediately after that mark.
This can still return a mark at the same position if
there are multiple marks at the same index.
These semantics mean that the mark next operation can be used to
step through all the marks in a text widget in the same order
as the mark information returned by the dump operation.
If a mark has been set to the special end index,
then it appears to be after end with respect to the mark next operation.
An empty string is returned if there are no marks after index.
- $text->markPrevious(index)
-
Returns the name of the mark at or before index.
If index is specified in numerical form, then the search for
the previous mark begins with the character just before that index.
If index is the name of a mark, then the search for
the next mark begins immediately before that mark.
This can still return a mark at the same position if
there are multiple marks at the same index.
These semantics mean that the mark previous operation can be used to
step through all the marks in a text widget in the reverse order
as the mark information returned by the dump operation.
An empty string is returned if there are no marks before index.
- $text->markSet(markName, index)
-
Sets the mark named markName to a position just before the
character at index.
If markName already exists, it is moved from its old position;
if it doesn't exist, a new mark is created.
This command returns an empty string.
- $text->markUnset(markName?, markName, markName, ...?)
-
Remove the mark corresponding to each of the markName arguments.
The removed marks will not be usable in indices and will not be
returned by future calls to ``$text->markNames''.
This command returns an empty string.
- $text->markExists(markname)
-
Returns true if markname exists - false otherwise.
- $text->menu(?menu?)
-
If menu reference is given as an argument, then the text widget
menu is adjusted to use this new menu. If the menu argument
is undef, then this command disables the current text widget menu.
If the menu argument is omitted altogether, then the current text
widget menu reference is returned.
- $text->openLine
-
Inserts a newline (\n) at the insert mark.
- $text->OverstrikeMode(?boolean?)
-
Returns the overstrike mode if boolean is omitted or sets the
overstrike mode to boolean. True means overstrike mode is enabled.
- $text->PostPopupMenu(x,y)
-
Creates a popup menu at the specified (x,y) pixel coordinates. The
default menu has File, Edit, Search and View menu items which cascade
to sub-menus for further commands. There is an implicit <Button-3>
binding to this method that posts the menu over the cursor.
- $text->ResetAnchor
-
Sets the selection anchor to whichever end is farthest from the index
argument.
- $text->scan(option, args) or
- $text->scanoption(args)
-
This method is used to implement scanning on texts. It has
two forms, depending on option:
- $text->scanMark(x, y)
-
Records x and y and the current view in the text window,
for use in conjunction with later scanDragto method.
Typically this method is associated with a mouse button press in
the widget. It returns an empty string.
- $text->scanDragto(x, y)
-
This command computes the difference between its x and y
arguments and the x and y arguments to the last
scanMark method for the widget.
It then adjusts the view by 10 times the difference in coordinates.
This command is typically associated
with mouse motion events in the widget, to produce the effect of
dragging the text at high speed through the window. The return
value is an empty string.
- $text->search(?switches,? pattern, index, ?stopIndex?)
-
Searches the text in $text starting at index for a range
of characters that matches pattern.
If a match is found, the index of the first character in the match is
returned as result; otherwise an empty string is returned.
One or more of the following switches (or abbreviations thereof)
may be specified to control the search:
- -forwards
-
The search will proceed forward through the text, finding the first
matching range starting at or after the position given by index.
This is the default.
- -backwards
-
The search will proceed backward through the text, finding the
matching range closest to index whose first character
is before index.
- -exact
-
Use exact matching: the characters in the matching range must be
identical to those in pattern.
This is the default.
- -regexp
-
Treat pattern as a regular expression and match it against
the text using the rules for regular expressions (see the regexp
command for details).
- -nocase
-
Ignore case differences between the pattern and the text.
- -count varName
-
The argument following -count gives the name of a variable;
if a match is found, the number of characters in the matching
range will be stored in the variable.
- -hidden
-
Find hidden text as well. By default only displayed text is found.
- --
-
This switch has no effect except to terminate the list of switches:
the next argument will be treated as pattern even if it starts
with -.
The matching range must be entirely within a single line of text.
For regular expression matching the newlines are removed from the ends
of the lines before matching: use the $ feature in regular
expressions to match the end of a line.
For exact matching the newlines are retained.
If stopIndex is specified, the search stops at that index:
for forward searches, no match at or after stopIndex will
be considered; for backward searches, no match earlier in the
text than stopIndex will be considered.
If stopIndex is omitted, the entire text will be searched:
when the beginning or end of the text is reached, the search
continues at the other end until the starting location is reached
again; if stopIndex is specified, no wrap-around will occur.
- $text->see(index)
-
Adjusts the view in the window so that the character given by index
is completely visible.
If index is already visible then the command does nothing.
If index is a short distance out of view, the command
adjusts the view just enough to make index visible at the
edge of the window.
If index is far out of view, then the command centers
index in the window.
- $text->selectAll
-
Selects all the text in the widget.
- $text->selectLine
-
Selects the line with the insert mark.
- $text->selectWord
-
Selects the word with the insert mark.
- $text->SetCursor(position)
-
Moves the insert mark to position.
- $text->tag(option, ?arg, arg, ...?)
-
This command is used to manipulate tags. The exact behavior of the
command depends on the option argument that follows the
tag argument. The following forms of the command are currently
supported:
- $text->tagAdd(tagName, index1, ?index2, index1, index2, ...?)
-
Associate the tag tagName with all of the characters starting
with index1 and ending just before
index2 (the character at index2 isn't tagged).
A single command may contain any number of index1-index2
pairs.
If the last index2 is omitted then the single character at
index1 is tagged.
If there are no characters in the specified range (e.g. index1
is past the end of the file or index2 is less than or equal
to index1) then the command has no effect.
- $text->tagBind(tagName, ?sequence?, ?script?)
-
This command associates script with the tag given by
tagName.
Whenever the event sequence given by sequence occurs for a
character that has been tagged with tagName,
the script will be invoked.
This method is similar to the bind command except that
it operates on characters in a text rather than entire widgets.
See the the Tk::bind manpage documentation for complete details
on the syntax of sequence and the substitutions performed
on script before invoking it.
If all arguments are specified then a new binding is created, replacing
any existing binding for the same sequence and tagName
(if the first character of script is ``+'' then script
augments an existing binding rather than replacing it).
In this case the return value is an empty string.
If script is omitted then the command returns the script
associated with tagName and sequence (an error occurs
if there is no such binding).
If both script and sequence are omitted then the command
returns a list of all the sequences for which bindings have been
defined for tagName.
-
The only events for which bindings may be specified are those related
to the mouse and keyboard (such as Enter, Leave,
ButtonPress, Motion, and KeyPress) or virtual events.
Event bindings for a text widget use the current mark described
under MARKS above. An Enter event triggers for a tag when the tag
first becomes present on the current character, and a Leave event
triggers for a tag when it ceases to be present on the current character.
Enter and Leave events can happen either because the
current mark moved or because the character at that position
changed. Note that these events are different than Enter and
Leave events for windows. Mouse and keyboard events are directed
to the current character. If a virtual event is used in a binding, that
binding can trigger only if the virtual event is defined by an underlying
mouse-related or keyboard-related event.
-
It is possible for the current character to have multiple tags,
and for each of them to have a binding for a particular event
sequence.
When this occurs, one binding is invoked for each tag, in order
from lowest-priority to highest priority.
If there are multiple matching bindings for a single tag, then
the most specific binding is chosen (see the the documentation for
the bind command for details).
continue and break commands within binding scripts
are processed in the same way as for bindings created with
the bind command.
-
If bindings are created for the widget as a whole using the
bind command, then those bindings will supplement the
tag bindings.
The tag bindings will be invoked first, followed by bindings
for the window as a whole.
- $text->tagCget(tagName, option)
-
This command returns the current value of the option named option
associated with the tag given by tagName.
Option may have any of the values accepted by the tag configure
method.
- $text->tagConfigure(tagName, ?option?, ?value?, ?option, value, ...?)
-
This command is similar to the configure method except
that it modifies options associated with the tag given by tagName
instead of modifying options for the overall text widget.
If no option is specified, the command returns a list describing
all of the available options for tagName
(see the Tk::options manpage for information on the format of this list).
If option is specified with no value, then the command returns
a list describing the one named option (this list will be identical to
the corresponding sublist of the value returned if no option
is specified).
If one or more option-value pairs are specified, then the command
modifies the given
option(s) to have the given value(s) in tagName;
in this case the command returns an empty string.
See TAGS above for details on the options available for tags.
- $text->tagDelete(tagName, ?tagName, ...?)
-
Deletes all tag information for each of the tagName
arguments.
The command removes the tags from all characters in the file
and also deletes any other information associated with the tags,
such as bindings and display information.
The command returns an empty string.
- $text->tagLower(tagName?, belowThis?)
-
Changes the priority of tag tagName so that it is just lower
in priority than the tag whose name is belowThis.
If belowThis is omitted, then tagName's priority
is changed to make it lowest priority of all tags.
- $text->tagNames(?index?)
-
Returns a list whose elements are the names of all the tags that
are active at the character position given by index.
If index is omitted, then the return value will describe
all of the tags that exist for the text (this includes all tags
that have been named in a ``$text->tag'' widget
command but haven't been deleted by a ``$text->tagDelete''
method, even if no characters are currently marked with
the tag).
The list will be sorted in order from lowest priority to highest
priority.
- $text->tagNextrange(tagName, index1, ?index2?)
-
This command searches the text for a range of characters tagged
with tagName where the first character of the range is
no earlier than the character at index1 and no later than
the character just before index2 (a range starting at
index2 will not be considered).
If several matching ranges exist, the first one is chosen.
The command's return value is a list containing
two elements, which are the index of the first character of the
range and the index of the character just after the last one in
the range.
If no matching range is found then the return value is an
empty string.
If index2 is not given then it defaults to the end of the text.
- $text->tagPrevrange(tagName, index1, ?index2?)
-
This command searches the text for a range of characters tagged
with tagName where the first character of the range is
before the character at index1 and no earlier than
the character at index2 (a range starting at
index2 will be considered).
If several matching ranges exist, the one closest to index1 is chosen.
The command's return value is a list containing
two elements, which are the index of the first character of the
range and the index of the character just after the last one in
the range.
If no matching range is found then the return value is an
empty string.
If index2 is not given then it defaults to the beginning of the text.
- $text->tagRaise(tagName, ?aboveThis?)
-
Changes the priority of tag tagName so that it is just higher
in priority than the tag whose name is aboveThis.
If aboveThis is omitted, then tagName's priority
is changed to make it highest priority of all tags.
- $text->tagRanges(tagName)
-
Returns a list describing all of the ranges of text that have been
tagged with tagName.
The first two elements of the list describe the first tagged range
in the text, the next two elements describe the second range, and
so on.
The first element of each pair contains the index of the first
character of the range, and the second element of the pair contains
the index of the character just after the last one in the
range.
If there are no characters tagged with tag then an
empty string is returned.
- $text->tagRemove(tagName, index1, ?index2, index1, index2, ...?)
-
Remove the tag tagName from all of the characters starting
at index1 and ending just before
index2 (the character at index2 isn't affected).
A single command may contain any number of index1-index2
pairs.
If the last index2 is omitted then the single character at
index1 is tagged.
If there are no characters in the specified range (e.g. index1
is past the end of the file or index2 is less than or equal
to index1) then the command has no effect.
This command returns an empty string.
- $text->ToggleInsertMode
-
Toggles the current overstrike mode.
- $text->unselectAll
-
Unselects all the text in the widget.
- $text->WhatLineNumberPopup
-
Creates a popup that displays the current line number of the
insert mark.
- $text->widget(option?, arg, arg, ...?)
- $text->widgetOption(?arg, arg, ...?)
-
This method is used to manipulate embedded windows.
The behavior of the method depends on the option argument
that follows the window argument.
The following forms of the method are currently supported:
- $text->windowCget(index, option)
-
Returns the value of a configuration option for an embedded window.
Index identifies the embedded window, and option
specifies a particular configuration option, which must be one of
the ones listed in EMBEDDED WINDOWS above.
- $text->windowConfigure(index?, option, value, ...?)
-
Query or modify the configuration options for an embedded window.
If no option is specified, returns a list describing all of
the available options for the embedded window at index
(see the Tk::options manpage for information on the format of this list).
If option is specified with no value, then the command
returns a list describing the one named option (this list will be
identical to the corresponding sublist of the value returned if no
option is specified).
If one or more option-value pairs are specified, then the command
modifies the given
option(s) to have the given value(s); in
this case the command returns an empty string.
See EMBEDDED WINDOWS above for information on the options that
are supported.
- $text->windowCreate(index?, option, value, ...?)
-
This command creates a new window annotation, which will appear
in the text at the position given by index.
Any number of option-value pairs may be specified to
configure the annotation.
See EMBEDDED WINDOWS above for information on the options that
are supported.
Returns an empty string.
- $text->windowNames
-
Returns a list whose elements are the names of all windows currently
embedded in $text.
- $text->xview(option, args)
-
This command is used to query and change the horizontal position of the
text in the widget's window. It can take any of the following
forms:
- $text->xview
-
Returns a list containing two elements.
Each element is a real fraction between 0 and 1; together they describe
the portion of the document's horizontal span that is visible in
the window.
For example, if the first element is .2 and the second element is .6,
20% of the text is off-screen to the left, the middle 40% is visible
in the window, and 40% of the text is off-screen to the right.
The fractions refer only to the lines that are actually visible in the
window: if the lines in the window are all very short, so that they
are entirely visible, the returned fractions will be 0 and 1,
even if there are other lines in the text that are
much wider than the window.
These are the same values passed to scrollbars via the -xscrollcommand
option.
- $text->xviewMoveto(fraction)
-
Adjusts the view in the window so that fraction of the horizontal
span of the text is off-screen to the left.
Fraction is a fraction between 0 and 1.
- $text->xviewScroll(number, what)
-
This command shifts the view in the window left or right according to
number and what.
Number must be an integer.
What must be either units or pages or an abbreviation
of one of these.
If what is units, the view adjusts left or right by
number average-width characters on the display; if it is
pages then the view adjusts by number screenfuls.
If number is negative then characters farther to the left
become visible; if it is positive then characters farther to the right
become visible.
- $text->yview(?args?)
-
This command is used to query and change the vertical position of the
text in the widget's window.
It can take any of the following forms:
- $text->yview
-
Returns a list containing two elements, both of which are real fractions
between 0 and 1.
The first element gives the position of the first character in the
top line in the window, relative to the text as a whole (0.5 means
it is halfway through the text, for example).
The second element gives the position of the character just after
the last one in the bottom line of the window,
relative to the text as a whole.
These are the same values passed to scrollbars via the -yscrollcommand
option.
- $text->yviewMoveto(fraction)
-
Adjusts the view in the window so that the character given by fraction
appears on the top line of the window.
Fraction is a fraction between 0 and 1; 0 indicates the first
character in the text, 0.33 indicates the character one-third the
way through the text, and so on.
- $text->yviewScroll(number, what)
-
This command adjust the view in the window up or down according to
number and what.
Number must be an integer.
What must be either units or pages.
If what is units, the view adjusts up or down by
number lines on the display; if it is pages then
the view adjusts by number screenfuls.
If number is negative then earlier positions in the text
become visible; if it is positive then later positions in the text
become visible.
- $text->yview(?-pickplace,? index)
-
Changes the view in the $text's window to make index visible.
If the -pickplace option isn't specified then index will
appear at the top of the window.
If -pickplace is specified then the widget chooses where
index appears in the window:
- [1]
-
If index is already visible somewhere in the window then the
command does nothing.
- [2]
-
If index is only a few lines off-screen above the window then
it will be positioned at the top of the window.
- [3]
-
If index is only a few lines off-screen below the window then
it will be positioned at the bottom of the window.
- [4]
-
Otherwise, index will be centered in the window.
The -pickplace option has been obsoleted by the see widget
command (see handles both x- and y-motion to make a location
visible, whereas -pickplace only handles motion in y).
- $text->yview(number)
-
This command makes the first character on the line after
the one given by number visible at the top of the window.
Number must be an integer.
This command used to be used for scrolling, but now it is obsolete.
Tk automatically creates class bindings for texts that give them
the following default behavior.
In the descriptions below, ``word'' refers to a contiguous group
of letters, digits, or ``_'' characters, or any single character
other than these.
- [1]
-
Clicking mouse button 1 positions the insertion cursor
just before the character underneath the mouse cursor, sets the
input focus to this widget, and clears any selection in the widget.
Dragging with mouse button 1 strokes out a selection between
the insertion cursor and the character under the mouse.
- [2]
-
Double-clicking with mouse button 1 selects the word under the mouse
and positions the insertion cursor at the beginning of the word.
Dragging after a double click will stroke out a selection consisting
of whole words.
- [3]
-
Triple-clicking with mouse button 1 selects the line under the mouse
and positions the insertion cursor at the beginning of the line.
Dragging after a triple click will stroke out a selection consisting
of whole lines.
- [4]
-
The ends of the selection can be adjusted by dragging with mouse
button 1 while the Shift key is down; this will adjust the end
of the selection that was nearest to the mouse cursor when button
1 was pressed.
If the button is double-clicked before dragging then the selection
will be adjusted in units of whole words; if it is triple-clicked
then the selection will be adjusted in units of whole lines.
- [5]
-
Clicking mouse button 1 with the Control key down will reposition the
insertion cursor without affecting the selection.
- [6]
-
If any normal printing characters are typed, they are
inserted at the point of the insertion cursor.
- [7]
-
The view in the widget can be adjusted by dragging with mouse button 2.
If mouse button 2 is clicked without moving the mouse, the selection
is copied into the text at the position of the mouse cursor.
The Insert key also inserts the selection, but at the position of
the insertion cursor.
- [8]
-
If the mouse is dragged out of the widget
while button 1 is pressed, the entry will automatically scroll to
make more text visible (if there is more text off-screen on the side
where the mouse left the window).
- [9]
-
The Left and Right keys move the insertion cursor one character to the
left or right; they also clear any selection in the text.
If Left or Right is typed with the Shift key down, then the insertion
cursor moves and the selection is extended to include the new character.
Control-Left and Control-Right move the insertion cursor by words, and
Control-Shift-Left and Control-Shift-Right move the insertion cursor
by words and also extend the selection.
Control-b and Control-f behave the same as Left and Right, respectively.
Meta-b and Meta-f behave the same as Control-Left and Control-Right,
respectively.
- [10]
-
The Up and Down keys move the insertion cursor one line up or
down and clear any selection in the text.
If Up or Right is typed with the Shift key down, then the insertion
cursor moves and the selection is extended to include the new character.
Control-Up and Control-Down move the insertion cursor by paragraphs (groups
of lines separated by blank lines), and
Control-Shift-Up and Control-Shift-Down move the insertion cursor
by paragraphs and also extend the selection.
Control-p and Control-n behave the same as Up and Down, respectively.
- [11]
-
The Next and Prior keys move the insertion cursor forward or backwards
by one screenful and clear any selection in the text.
If the Shift key is held down while Next or Prior is typed, then
the selection is extended to include the new character.
Control-v moves the view down one screenful without moving the
insertion cursor or adjusting the selection.
- [12]
-
Control-Next and Control-Prior scroll the view right or left by one page
without moving the insertion cursor or affecting the selection.
- [13]
-
Home and Control-a move the insertion cursor to the
beginning of its line and clear any selection in the widget.
Shift-Home moves the insertion cursor to the beginning of the line
and also extends the selection to that point.
- [14]
-
End and Control-e move the insertion cursor to the
end of the line and clear any selection in the widget.
Shift-End moves the cursor to the end of the line and extends the selection
to that point.
- [15]
-
Control-Home and Meta-< move the insertion cursor to the beginning of
the text and clear any selection in the widget.
Control-Shift-Home moves the insertion cursor to the beginning of the text
and also extends the selection to that point.
- [16]
-
Control-End and Meta-> move the insertion cursor to the end of the
text and clear any selection in the widget.
Control-Shift-End moves the cursor to the end of the text and extends
the selection to that point.
- [17]
-
The Select key and Control-Space set the selection anchor to the position
of the insertion cursor. They don't affect the current selection.
Shift-Select and Control-Shift-Space adjust the selection to the
current position of the insertion cursor, selecting from the anchor
to the insertion cursor if there was not any selection previously.
- [18]
-
Control-/ selects the entire contents of the widget.
- [19]
-
Control-\ clears any selection in the widget.
- [20]
-
The F16 key (labelled Copy on many Sun workstations) or Meta-w
copies the selection in the widget to the clipboard, if there is a selection.
- [21]
-
The F20 key (labelled Cut on many Sun workstations) or Control-w
copies the selection in the widget to the clipboard and deletes
the selection.
If there is no selection in the widget then these keys have no effect.
- [22]
-
The F18 key (labelled Paste on many Sun workstations) or Control-y
inserts the contents of the clipboard at the position of the
insertion cursor.
- [23]
-
The Delete key deletes the selection, if there is one in the widget.
If there is no selection, it deletes the character to the right of
the insertion cursor.
- [24]
-
Backspace and Control-h delete the selection, if there is one
in the widget.
If there is no selection, they delete the character to the left of
the insertion cursor.
- [25]
-
Control-d deletes the character to the right of the insertion cursor.
- [26]
-
Meta-d deletes the word to the right of the insertion cursor.
- [27]
-
Control-k deletes from the insertion cursor to the end of its line;
if the insertion cursor is already at the end of a line, then
Control-k deletes the newline character.
- [28]
-
Control-o opens a new line by inserting a newline character in
front of the insertion cursor without moving the insertion cursor.
- [29]
-
Meta-backspace and Meta-Delete delete the word to the left of the
insertion cursor.
- [30]
-
Control-x deletes whatever is selected in the text widget.
- [31]
-
Control-t reverses the order of the two characters to the right of
the insertion cursor.
- [32]
-
Control-z (and Control-underscore on UNIX when tk_strictMotif is
true) undoes the last edit action if the -undo option is true.
Does nothing otherwise.
- [33]
-
Control-Z (or Control-y on Windows) reapplies the last undone edit
action if the -undo option is true. Does nothing otherwise.
If the widget is disabled using the -state option, then its
view can still be adjusted and text can still be selected,
but no insertion cursor will be displayed and no text modifications will
take place.
The behavior of texts can be changed by defining new bindings for
individual widgets or by redefining the class bindings.
The Perl/Tk Text widget also has built-in TIEHANDLE methods for
print and printf statements. This means you can print to file
handles tied to a Text widget, and the tied methods automatically
insert the print statement's arguments into the Text widget.
For example:
#!/usr/local/bin/perl -w
use POSIX 'acos';
use Tk;
use strict;
my $mw = MainWindow->new;
my $text = $mw->Text(qw/-width 40 -height 10/)->pack;
tie *STDOUT, ref $text, $text;
print "Hello Text World!\n";
printf "pi ~= %1.5f", acos(-1.0);
MainLoop;
To tie a scrolled Text widget, use the Subwidget method to get to the
"real" widget:
my $text = $mw->Scrolled('Text')->pack;
tie *STDOUT, 'Tk::Text', $text->Subwidget('scrolled');
Text widgets should run efficiently under a variety
of conditions. The text widget uses about 2-3 bytes of
main memory for each byte of text, so texts containing a megabyte
or more should be practical on most workstations.
Text is represented internally with a modified B-tree structure
that makes operations relatively efficient even with large texts.
Tags are included in the B-tree structure in a way that allows
tags to span large ranges or have many disjoint smaller ranges
without loss of efficiency.
Marks are also implemented in a way that allows large numbers of
marks.
In most cases it is fine to have large numbers of unique tags,
or a tag that has many distinct ranges.
One performance problem can arise if you have hundreds or thousands
of different tags that all have the following characteristics:
the first and last ranges of each tag are near the beginning and
end of the text, respectively,
or a single tag range covers most of the text widget.
The cost of adding and deleting tags like this is proportional
to the number of other tags with the same properties.
In contrast, there is no problem with having thousands of distinct
tags if their overall ranges are localized and spread uniformly throughout
the text.
Very long text lines can be expensive,
especially if they have many marks and tags within them.
The display line with the insert cursor is redrawn each time the
cursor blinks, which causes a steady stream of graphics traffic.
Set the -insertofftime option to 0 avoid this.
Tk::ROText
Tk::TextUndo
text, widget
|
Tk::Text - Create and manipulate Text widgets
|