| autodie::hints - Provide hints about user subroutines to autodie |
autodie::hints - Provide hints about user subroutines to autodie
package Your::Module;
our %DOES = ( 'autodie::hints::provider' => 1 );
sub AUTODIE_HINTS {
return {
foo => { scalar => HINTS, list => SOME_HINTS },
bar => { scalar => HINTS, list => MORE_HINTS },
}
}
# Later, in your main program...
use Your::Module qw(foo bar);
use autodie qw(:default foo bar);
foo(); # succeeds or dies based on scalar hints
# Alternatively, hints can be set on subroutines we've
# imported.
use autodie::hints;
use Some::Module qw(think_positive);
BEGIN {
autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
\&think_positive,
{
fail => sub { $_[0] <= 0 }
}
)
}
use autodie qw(think_positive);
think_positive(...); # Returns positive or dies.
The the autodie manpage pragma is very smart when it comes to working with
Perl's built-in functions. The behaviour for these functions are
fixed, and autodie knows exactly how they try to signal failure.
But what about user-defined subroutines from modules? If you use
autodie on a user-defined subroutine then it assumes the following
behaviour to demonstrate failure:
All other return values (including the list of the single zero, and the
list containing a single empty string) are considered successful. However,
real-world code isn't always that easy. Perhaps the code you're working
with returns a string containing the word ``FAIL'' upon failure, or a
two element list containing (undef, "human error message"). To make
autodie work with these sorts of subroutines, we have
the hinting interface.
The hinting interface allows hints to be provided to autodie
on how it should detect failure from user-defined subroutines. While
these can be provided by the end-user of autodie, they are ideally
written into the module itself, or into a helper module or sub-class
of autodie itself.
A hint is a subroutine or value that is checked against the
return value of an autodying subroutine. If the match returns true,
autodie considers the subroutine to have failed.
If the hint provided is a subroutine, then autodie will pass
the complete return value to that subroutine. If the hint is
any other value, then autodie will smart-match against the
value provided. In Perl 5.8.x there is no smart-match operator, and as such
only subroutine hints are supported in these versions.
Hints can be provided for both scalar and list contexts. Note
that an autodying subroutine will never see a void context, as
autodie always needs to capture the return value for examination.
Autodying subroutines called in void context act as if they're called
in a scalar context, but their return value is discarded after it
has been checked.
Hints may consist of subroutine references, objects overloading smart-match, regular expressions, and depending on Perl version possibly other things. You can specify different hints for how failure should be identified in scalar and list contexts.
These examples apply for use in the AUTODIE_HINTS subroutine and when
calling autodie::hints-set_hints_for()>.
The most common context-specific hints are:
# Scalar failures always return undef:
{ scalar => sub { !defined($_[0]) } }
# Scalar failures return any false value [default expectation]:
{ scalar => sub { ! $_[0] } }
# Scalar failures always return zero explicitly:
{ scalar => sub { defined($_[0]) && $_[0] eq '0' } }
# List failures always return an empty list:
{ list => sub { !@_ } }
# List failures return () or (undef) [default expectation]:
{ list => sub { ! @_ || @_ == 1 && !defined $_[0] } }
# List failures return () or a single false value:
{ list => sub { ! @_ || @_ == 1 && !$_[0] } }
# List failures return (undef, "some string")
{ list => sub { @_ == 2 && !defined $_[0] } }
# Unsuccessful foo() returns 'FAIL' or '_FAIL' in scalar context,
# returns (-1) in list context...
autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
\&foo,
{
scalar => qr/^ _? FAIL $/xms,
list => sub { @_ == 1 && $_[0] eq -1 },
}
);
# Unsuccessful foo() returns 0 in all contexts...
autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
\&foo,
{
scalar => sub { defined($_[0]) && $_[0] == 0 },
list => sub { @_ == 1 && defined($_[0]) && $_[0] == 0 },
}
);
This ``in all contexts'' construction is very common, and can be
abbreviated, using the 'fail' key. This sets both the scalar
and list hints to the same value:
# Unsuccessful foo() returns 0 in all contexts...
autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
\&foo,
{
fail => sub { @_ == 1 and defined $_[0] and $_[0] == 0 }
}
);
# Unsuccessful think_positive() returns negative number on failure...
autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
\&think_positive,
{
fail => sub { $_[0] < 0 }
}
);
# Unsuccessful my_system() returns non-zero on failure...
autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
\&my_system,
{
fail => sub { $_[0] != 0 }
}
);
If you are using a module which returns something special on failure, then you can manually create hints for each of the desired subroutines. Once the hints are specified, they are available for all files and modules loaded thereafter, thus you can move this work into a module and it will still work.
use Some::Module qw(foo bar);
use autodie::hints;
autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
\&foo,
{
scalar => SCALAR_HINT,
list => LIST_HINT,
}
);
autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
\&bar,
{ fail => SOME_HINT, }
);
It is possible to pass either a subroutine reference (recommended) or a fully qualified subroutine name as the first argument. This means you can set hints on modules that might get loaded:
use autodie::hints;
autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
'Some::Module:bar', { fail => SCALAR_HINT, }
);
This technique is most useful when you have a project that uses a lot of third-party modules. You can define all your possible hints in one-place. This can even be in a sub-class of autodie. For example:
package my::autodie;
use parent qw(autodie);
use autodie::hints;
autodie::hints->set_hints_for(...);
1;
You can now use my::autodie, which will work just like the standard
autodie, but is now aware of any hints that you've set.
autodie provides a passive interface to allow you to declare hints for
your module. These hints will be found and used by autodie if it
is loaded, but otherwise have no effect (or dependencies) without autodie.
To set these, your module needs to declare that it does the
autodie::hints::provider role. This can be done by writing your
own DOES method, using a system such as Class::DOES to handle
the heavy-lifting for you, or declaring a %DOES package variable
with a autodie::hints::provider key and a corresponding true value.
Note that checking for a %DOES hash is an autodie-only
short-cut. Other modules do not use this mechanism for checking
roles, although you can use the Class::DOES module from the
CPAN to allow it.
In addition, you must define a AUTODIE_HINTS subroutine that returns
a hash-reference containing the hints for your subroutines:
package Your::Module;
# We can use the Class::DOES from the CPAN to declare adherence
# to a role.
use Class::DOES 'autodie::hints::provider' => 1;
# Alternatively, we can declare the role in %DOES. Note that
# this is an autodie specific optimisation, although Class::DOES
# can be used to promote this to a true role declaration.
our %DOES = ( 'autodie::hints::provider' => 1 );
# Finally, we must define the hints themselves.
sub AUTODIE_HINTS {
return {
foo => { scalar => HINTS, list => SOME_HINTS },
bar => { scalar => HINTS, list => MORE_HINTS },
baz => { fail => HINTS },
}
}
This allows your code to set hints without relying on autodie and
autodie::hints being loaded, or even installed. In this way your
code can do the right thing when autodie is installed, but does not
need to depend upon it to function.
When a user-defined subroutine is wrapped by autodie, it will
use hints if they are available, and otherwise reverts to the
default behaviour described in the introduction of this document.
This can be problematic if we expect a hint to exist, but (for
whatever reason) it has not been loaded.
We can ask autodie to insist that a hint be used by prefixing an exclamation mark to the start of the subroutine name. A lone exclamation mark indicates that all subroutines after it must have hints declared.
# foo() and bar() must have their hints defined
use autodie qw( !foo !bar baz );
# Everything must have hints (recommended).
use autodie qw( ! foo bar baz );
# bar() and baz() must have their hints defined
use autodie qw( foo ! bar baz );
# Enable autodie for all of Perl's supported built-ins,
# as well as for foo(), bar() and baz(). Everything must
# have hints.
use autodie qw( ! :all foo bar baz );
If hints are not available for the specified subroutines, this will cause a
compile-time error. Insisting on hints for Perl's built-in functions
(eg, open and close) is always successful.
Insisting on hints is strongly recommended.
autodie::hints->set_hints_for() using a subroutine
reference, but that reference could not be resolved back to a
subroutine name. It may be an anonymous subroutine (which can't
be made autodying), or may lack a name for other reasons.
If you receive this error with a subroutine that has a real name, then you may have found a bug in autodie. See BUGS in the autodie manpage for how to report this.
list and
scalar keywords, or you can provide a single fail keyword.
You can't mix and match them.
scalar hint without supplying
a list hint, or vice-versa. You must supply both scalar
and list hints, or a single fail hint.
Copyright 2009, Paul Fenwick <pjf@perltraining.com.au>
This module is free software. You may distribute it under the same terms as Perl itself.
the autodie manpage, the Class::DOES manpage
| autodie::hints - Provide hints about user subroutines to autodie |