| perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging |
perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging
This is not the perldebug manpage, which tells you how to use the debugger. This manpage describes low-level details concerning the debugger's internals, which range from difficult to impossible to understand for anyone who isn't incredibly intimate with Perl's guts. Caveat lector.
Perl has special debugging hooks at compile-time and run-time used to create debugging environments. These hooks are not to be confused with the perl -Dxxx command described in the perlrun manpage, which is usable only if a special Perl is built per the instructions in the INSTALL podpage in the Perl source tree.
For example, whenever you call Perl's built-in caller function
from the package DB, the arguments that the corresponding stack
frame was called with are copied to the @DB::args array. These
mechanisms are enabled by calling Perl with the -d switch.
Specifically, the following additional features are enabled
(cf. $^P in the perlvar manpage):
$ENV{PERL5DB} (or BEGIN {require
'perl5db.pl'} if not present) before the first line of your program.
Each array @{"_<$filename"} holds the lines of $filename for a
file compiled by Perl. The same is also true for evaled strings
that contain subroutines, or which are currently being executed.
The $filename for evaled strings looks like (eval 34).
Values in this array are magical in numeric context: they compare equal to zero only if the line is not breakable.
Each hash%{"_<$filename"} contains breakpoints and actions keyed
by line number. Individual entries (as opposed to the whole hash)
are settable. Perl only cares about Boolean true here, although
the values used by perl5db.pl have the form
"$break_condition\0$action".
The same holds for evaluated strings that contain subroutines, or
which are currently being executed. The $filename for evaled strings
looks like (eval 34).
${"_<$filename"} contains "_<$filename". This is
also the case for evaluated strings that contain subroutines, or
which are currently being executed. The $filename for evaled
strings looks like (eval 34).
After each required file is compiled, but before it is executed,
DB::postponed(*{"_<$filename"}) is called if the subroutine
DB::postponed exists. Here, the $filename is the expanded name of
the required file, as found in the values of %INC.
After each subroutine subname is compiled, the existence of
$DB::postponed{subname} is checked. If this key exists,
DB::postponed(subname) is called if the DB::postponed subroutine
also exists.
A hash %DB::sub is maintained, whose keys are subroutine names
and whose values have the form filename:startline-endline.
filename has the form (eval 34) for subroutines defined inside
evals.
When the execution of your program reaches a point that can hold a
breakpoint, the DB::DB() subroutine is called if any of the variables
$DB::trace, $DB::single, or $DB::signal is true. These variables
are not localizable. This feature is disabled when executing
inside DB::DB(), including functions called from it
unless $^D & (1<<30) is true.
When execution of the program reaches a subroutine call, a call to
&DB::sub(args) is made instead, with $DB::sub set to identify
the called subroutine. (This doesn't happen if the calling subroutine
was compiled in the DB package.) $DB::sub normally holds the name
of the called subroutine, if it has a name by which it can be looked up.
Failing that, $DB::sub will hold a reference to the called subroutine.
Either way, the &DB::sub subroutine can use $DB::sub as a reference
by which to call the called subroutine, which it will normally want to do.
If the call is to an lvalue subroutine, and &DB::lsub
is defined &DB::lsub(args) is called instead, otherwise falling
back to &DB::sub(args).
goto to enter a non-XS subroutine
and the 0x80 bit is set in $^P, a call to &DB::goto is made, with
$DB::sub set to identify the subroutine being entered. The call to
&DB::goto does not replace the goto; the requested subroutine will
still be entered once &DB::goto has returned. $DB::sub normally
holds the name of the subroutine being entered, if it has one. Failing
that, $DB::sub will hold a reference to the subroutine being entered.
Unlike when &DB::sub is called, it is not guaranteed that $DB::sub
can be used as a reference to operate on the subroutine being entered.
Note that if &DB::sub needs external data for it to work, no
subroutine call is possible without it. As an example, the standard
debugger's &DB::sub depends on the $DB::deep variable
(it defines how many levels of recursion deep into the debugger you can go
before a mandatory break). If $DB::deep is not defined, subroutine
calls are not possible, even though &DB::sub exists.
The PERL5DB environment variable can be used to define a debugger.
For example, the minimal ``working'' debugger (it actually doesn't do anything)
consists of one line:
sub DB::DB {}
It can easily be defined like this:
$ PERL5DB="sub DB::DB {}" perl -d your-script
Another brief debugger, slightly more useful, can be created with only the line:
sub DB::DB {print ++$i; scalar <STDIN>}
This debugger prints a number which increments for each statement encountered and waits for you to hit a newline before continuing to the next statement.
The following debugger is actually useful:
{
package DB;
sub DB {}
sub sub {print ++$i, " $sub\n"; &$sub}
}
It prints the sequence number of each subroutine call and the name of the
called subroutine. Note that &DB::sub is being compiled into the
package DB through the use of the package directive.
When it starts, the debugger reads your rc file (./.perldb or
~/.perldb under Unix), which can set important options.
(A subroutine (&afterinit) can be defined here as well; it is executed
after the debugger completes its own initialization.)
After the rc file is read, the debugger reads the PERLDB_OPTS
environment variable and uses it to set debugger options. The
contents of this variable are treated as if they were the argument
of an o ... debugger command (q.v. in Configurable Options in the perldebug manpage).
In addition to the file and subroutine-related variables mentioned above, the debugger also maintains various magical internal variables.
@DB::dbline is an alias for @{"::_<current_file"}, which
holds the lines of the currently-selected file (compiled by Perl), either
explicitly chosen with the debugger's f command, or implicitly by flow
of execution.
Values in this array are magical in numeric context: they compare equal to zero only if the line is not breakable.
%DB::dbline is an alias for %{"::_<current_file"}, which
contains breakpoints and actions keyed by line number in
the currently-selected file, either explicitly chosen with the
debugger's f command, or implicitly by flow of execution.
As previously noted, individual entries (as opposed to the whole hash)
are settable. Perl only cares about Boolean true here, although
the values used by perl5db.pl have the form
"$break_condition\0$action".
Some functions are provided to simplify customization.
DB::parse_options(string).
DB::dump_trace(skip[,count]) skips the specified number of frames
and returns a list containing information about the calling frames (all
of them, if count is missing). Each entry is reference to a hash
with keys context (either ., $, or @), sub (subroutine
name, or info about eval), args (undef or a reference to
an array), file, and line.
DB::print_trace(FH, skip[, count[, short]]) prints
formatted info about caller frames. The last two functions may be
convenient as arguments to <, << commands.
Note that any variables and functions that are not documented in this manpages (or in the perldebug manpage) are considered for internal use only, and as such are subject to change without notice.
The frame option can be used to control the output of frame
information. For example, contrast this expression trace:
$ perl -de 42 Stack dump during die enabled outside of evals.
Loading DB routines from perl5db.pl patch level 0.94 Emacs support available.
Enter h or 'h h' for help.
main::(-e:1): 0
DB<1> sub foo { 14 }
DB<2> sub bar { 3 }
DB<3> t print foo() * bar() main::((eval 172):3): print foo() + bar(); main::foo((eval 168):2): main::bar((eval 170):2): 42
with this one, once the option frame=2 has been set:
DB<4> o f=2
frame = '2'
DB<5> t print foo() * bar()
3: foo() * bar()
entering main::foo
2: sub foo { 14 };
exited main::foo
entering main::bar
2: sub bar { 3 };
exited main::bar
42
By way of demonstration, we present below a laborious listing
resulting from setting your PERLDB_OPTS environment variable to
the value f=n N, and running perl -d -V from the command line.
Examples using various values of n are shown to give you a feel
for the difference between settings. Long though it may be, this
is not a complete listing, but only excerpts.
entering main::BEGIN entering Config::BEGIN Package lib/Exporter.pm. Package lib/Carp.pm. Package lib/Config.pm. entering Config::TIEHASH entering Exporter::import entering Exporter::export entering Config::myconfig entering Config::FETCH entering Config::FETCH entering Config::FETCH entering Config::FETCH
entering main::BEGIN entering Config::BEGIN Package lib/Exporter.pm. Package lib/Carp.pm. exited Config::BEGIN Package lib/Config.pm. entering Config::TIEHASH exited Config::TIEHASH entering Exporter::import entering Exporter::export exited Exporter::export exited Exporter::import exited main::BEGIN entering Config::myconfig entering Config::FETCH exited Config::FETCH entering Config::FETCH exited Config::FETCH entering Config::FETCH
in $=main::BEGIN() from /dev/null:0
in $=Config::BEGIN() from lib/Config.pm:2
Package lib/Exporter.pm.
Package lib/Carp.pm.
Package lib/Config.pm.
in $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:644
in $=Exporter::import('Config', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from /dev/null:0
in $=Exporter::export('Config', 'main', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from li
in @=Config::myconfig() from /dev/null:0
in $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'package') from lib/Config.pm:574
in $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'baserev') from lib/Config.pm:574
in $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'PERL_VERSION') from lib/Config.pm:574
in $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'PERL_SUBVERSION') from lib/Config.pm:574
in $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'osname') from lib/Config.pm:574
in $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'osvers') from lib/Config.pm:574
in $=main::BEGIN() from /dev/null:0
in $=Config::BEGIN() from lib/Config.pm:2
Package lib/Exporter.pm.
Package lib/Carp.pm.
out $=Config::BEGIN() from lib/Config.pm:0
Package lib/Config.pm.
in $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:644
out $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:644
in $=Exporter::import('Config', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from /dev/null:0
in $=Exporter::export('Config', 'main', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from lib/
out $=Exporter::export('Config', 'main', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from lib/
out $=Exporter::import('Config', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from /dev/null:0
out $=main::BEGIN() from /dev/null:0
in @=Config::myconfig() from /dev/null:0
in $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'package') from lib/Config.pm:574
out $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'package') from lib/Config.pm:574
in $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'baserev') from lib/Config.pm:574
out $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'baserev') from lib/Config.pm:574
in $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'PERL_VERSION') from lib/Config.pm:574
out $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'PERL_VERSION') from lib/Config.pm:574
in $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'PERL_SUBVERSION') from lib/Config.pm:574
in $=main::BEGIN() from /dev/null:0
in $=Config::BEGIN() from lib/Config.pm:2
Package lib/Exporter.pm.
Package lib/Carp.pm.
out $=Config::BEGIN() from lib/Config.pm:0
Package lib/Config.pm.
in $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:644
out $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:644
in $=Exporter::import('Config', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from /dev/null:0
in $=Exporter::export('Config', 'main', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from lib/E
out $=Exporter::export('Config', 'main', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from lib/E
out $=Exporter::import('Config', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from /dev/null:0
out $=main::BEGIN() from /dev/null:0
in @=Config::myconfig() from /dev/null:0
in $=Config::FETCH('Config=HASH(0x1aa444)', 'package') from lib/Config.pm:574
out $=Config::FETCH('Config=HASH(0x1aa444)', 'package') from lib/Config.pm:574
in $=Config::FETCH('Config=HASH(0x1aa444)', 'baserev') from lib/Config.pm:574
out $=Config::FETCH('Config=HASH(0x1aa444)', 'baserev') from lib/Config.pm:574
in $=CODE(0x15eca4)() from /dev/null:0
in $=CODE(0x182528)() from lib/Config.pm:2
Package lib/Exporter.pm.
out $=CODE(0x182528)() from lib/Config.pm:0
scalar context return from CODE(0x182528): undef
Package lib/Config.pm.
in $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:628
out $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:628
scalar context return from Config::TIEHASH: empty hash
in $=Exporter::import('Config', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from /dev/null:0
in $=Exporter::export('Config', 'main', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from lib/Exporter.pm:171
out $=Exporter::export('Config', 'main', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from lib/Exporter.pm:171
scalar context return from Exporter::export: ''
out $=Exporter::import('Config', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from /dev/null:0
scalar context return from Exporter::import: ''
In all cases shown above, the line indentation shows the call tree.
If bit 2 of frame is set, a line is printed on exit from a
subroutine as well. If bit 4 is set, the arguments are printed
along with the caller info. If bit 8 is set, the arguments are
printed even if they are tied or references. If bit 16 is set, the
return value is printed, too.
When a package is compiled, a line like this
Package lib/Carp.pm.
is printed with proper indentation.
There are two ways to enable debugging output for regular expressions.
If your perl is compiled with -DDEBUGGING, you may use the
-Dr flag on the command line, and -Drv for more verbose
information.
Otherwise, one can use re 'debug', which has effects at both
compile time and run time. Since Perl 5.9.5, this pragma is lexically
scoped.
The debugging output at compile time looks like this:
Compiling REx '[bc]d(ef*g)+h[ij]k$'
size 45 Got 364 bytes for offset annotations.
first at 1
rarest char g at 0
rarest char d at 0
1: ANYOF[bc](12)
12: EXACT <d>(14)
14: CURLYX[0] {1,32767}(28)
16: OPEN1(18)
18: EXACT <e>(20)
20: STAR(23)
21: EXACT <f>(0)
23: EXACT <g>(25)
25: CLOSE1(27)
27: WHILEM[1/1](0)
28: NOTHING(29)
29: EXACT <h>(31)
31: ANYOF[ij](42)
42: EXACT <k>(44)
44: EOL(45)
45: END(0)
anchored 'de' at 1 floating 'gh' at 3..2147483647 (checking floating)
stclass 'ANYOF[bc]' minlen 7
Offsets: [45]
1[4] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 5[1]
0[0] 12[1] 0[0] 6[1] 0[0] 7[1] 0[0] 9[1] 8[1] 0[0] 10[1] 0[0]
11[1] 0[0] 12[0] 12[0] 13[1] 0[0] 14[4] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0]
0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 18[1] 0[0] 19[1] 20[0]
Omitting $` $& $' support.
The first line shows the pre-compiled form of the regex. The second
shows the size of the compiled form (in arbitrary units, usually
4-byte words) and the total number of bytes allocated for the
offset/length table, usually 4+size*8. The next line shows the
label id of the first node that does a match.
The
anchored 'de' at 1 floating 'gh' at 3..2147483647 (checking floating)
stclass 'ANYOF[bc]' minlen 7
line (split into two lines above) contains optimizer
information. In the example shown, the optimizer found that the match
should contain a substring de at offset 1, plus substring gh
at some offset between 3 and infinity. Moreover, when checking for
these substrings (to abandon impossible matches quickly), Perl will check
for the substring gh before checking for the substring de. The
optimizer may also use the knowledge that the match starts (at the
first id) with a character class, and no string
shorter than 7 characters can possibly match.
The fields of interest which may appear in this line are
anchored STRING at POSfloating STRING at POS1..POS2matching floating/anchoredminlenstclass TYPEnoscanisallGPOS\G.
plusx+y).
implicit.*.
with eval(?{ code }) and
(??{ code }).
anchored(TYPE)TYPE
being SBOL, MBOL, or GPOS. See the table below.
If a substring is known to match at end-of-line only, it may be
followed by $, as in floating 'k'$.
The optimizer-specific information is used to avoid entering (a slow) regex
engine on strings that will not definitely match. If the isall flag
is set, a call to the regex engine may be avoided even when the optimizer
found an appropriate place for the match.
Above the optimizer section is the list of nodes of the compiled form of the regex. Each line has format
id: TYPE OPTIONAL-INFO (next-id)
Here are the current possible types, with short descriptions:
# TYPE arg-description [num-args] [longjump-len] DESCRIPTION
# Exit points
END no End of program. SUCCEED no Return from a subroutine, basically.
# Line Start Anchors: SBOL no Match "" at beginning of line: /^/, /\A/ MBOL no Same, assuming multiline: /^/m
# Line End Anchors: SEOL no Match "" at end of line: /$/ MEOL no Same, assuming multiline: /$/m EOS no Match "" at end of string: /\z/
# Match Start Anchors: GPOS no Matches where last m//g left off.
# Word Boundary Opcodes:
BOUND no Like BOUNDA for non-utf8, otherwise match
"" between any Unicode \w\W or \W\w
BOUNDL no Like BOUND/BOUNDU, but \w and \W are
defined by current locale
BOUNDU no Match "" at any boundary of a given type
using /u rules.
BOUNDA no Match "" at any boundary between \w\W or
\W\w, where \w is [_a-zA-Z0-9]
NBOUND no Like NBOUNDA for non-utf8, otherwise match
"" between any Unicode \w\w or \W\W
NBOUNDL no Like NBOUND/NBOUNDU, but \w and \W are
defined by current locale
NBOUNDU no Match "" at any non-boundary of a given
type using using /u rules.
NBOUNDA no Match "" betweeen any \w\w or \W\W, where
\w is [_a-zA-Z0-9]
# [Special] alternatives:
REG_ANY no Match any one character (except newline).
SANY no Match any one character.
ANYOF sv Match character in (or not in) this class,
charclass single char match only
ANYOFD sv Like ANYOF, but /d is in effect
charclass
ANYOFL sv Like ANYOF, but /l is in effect
charclass
ANYOFPOSIXL sv Like ANYOFL, but matches [[:posix:]]
charclass_ classes
posixl
ANYOFH sv 1 Like ANYOF, but only has "High" matches,
none in the bitmap; non-zero flags "f"
means "f" is the first UTF-8 byte shared in
common by all code points matched
ANYOFM byte 1 Like ANYOF, but matches an invariant byte
as determined by the mask and arg
NANYOFM byte 1 complement of ANYOFM
# POSIX Character Classes:
POSIXD none Some [[:class:]] under /d; the FLAGS field
gives which one
POSIXL none Some [[:class:]] under /l; the FLAGS field
gives which one
POSIXU none Some [[:class:]] under /u; the FLAGS field
gives which one
POSIXA none Some [[:class:]] under /a; the FLAGS field
gives which one
NPOSIXD none complement of POSIXD, [[:^class:]]
NPOSIXL none complement of POSIXL, [[:^class:]]
NPOSIXU none complement of POSIXU, [[:^class:]]
NPOSIXA none complement of POSIXA, [[:^class:]]
CLUMP no Match any extended grapheme cluster
sequence
# Alternation
# BRANCH The set of branches constituting a single choice are # hooked together with their "next" pointers, since # precedence prevents anything being concatenated to # any individual branch. The "next" pointer of the last # BRANCH in a choice points to the thing following the # whole choice. This is also where the final "next" # pointer of each individual branch points; each branch # starts with the operand node of a BRANCH node. # BRANCH node Match this alternative, or the next...
# Literals
EXACT str Match this string (preceded by length).
EXACTL str Like EXACT, but /l is in effect (used so
locale-related warnings can be checked
for).
EXACTF str Match this string using /id rules (w/len);
(string not UTF-8, not guaranteed to be
folded).
EXACTFL str Match this string using /il rules (w/len);
(string not guaranteed to be folded).
EXACTFU str Match this string using /iu rules (w/len);
(string folded iff in UTF-8; non-UTF8
folded length <= unfolded).
EXACTFAA str Match this string using /iaa rules (w/len)
(string folded iff in UTF-8; non-UTF8
folded length <= unfolded).
EXACTFUP str Match this string using /iu rules (w/len);
(string not UTF-8, not guaranteed to be
folded; and its Problematic).
EXACTFLU8 str Like EXACTFU, but use /il, UTF-8, folded,
and everything in it is above 255.
EXACTFAA_NO_TRIE str Match this string using /iaa rules (w/len)
(string not UTF-8, not guaranteed to be
folded, not currently trie-able).
EXACT_ONLY8 str Like EXACT, but only UTF-8 encoded targets
can match
EXACTFU_ONLY8 str Like EXACTFU, but only UTF-8 encoded
targets can match
EXACTFU_S_EDGE str /di rules, but nothing in it precludes /ui,
except begins and/or ends with [Ss];
(string not UTF-8; compile-time only).
# Do nothing types
NOTHING no Match empty string.
# A variant of above which delimits a group, thus stops optimizations
TAIL no Match empty string. Can jump here from
outside.
# Loops
# STAR,PLUS '?', and complex '*' and '+', are implemented as # circular BRANCH structures. Simple cases # (one character per match) are implemented with STAR # and PLUS for speed and to minimize recursive plunges. # STAR node Match this (simple) thing 0 or more times. PLUS node Match this (simple) thing 1 or more times.
CURLY sv 2 Match this simple thing {n,m} times.
CURLYN no 2 Capture next-after-this simple thing
CURLYM no 2 Capture this medium-complex thing {n,m}
times.
CURLYX sv 2 Match this complex thing {n,m} times.
# This terminator creates a loop structure for CURLYX
WHILEM no Do curly processing and see if rest
matches.
# Buffer related
# OPEN,CLOSE,GROUPP ...are numbered at compile time. OPEN num 1 Mark this point in input as start of #n. CLOSE num 1 Close corresponding OPEN of #n. SROPEN none Same as OPEN, but for script run SRCLOSE none Close preceding SROPEN
REF num 1 Match some already matched string
REFF num 1 Match already matched string, using /di
rules.
REFFL num 1 Match already matched string, using /li
rules.
REFFU num 1 Match already matched string, usng /ui.
REFFA num 1 Match already matched string, using /aai
rules.
# Named references. Code in regcomp.c assumes that these all are after
# the numbered references
NREF no-sv 1 Match some already matched string
NREFF no-sv 1 Match already matched string, using /di
rules.
NREFFL no-sv 1 Match already matched string, using /li
rules.
NREFFU num 1 Match already matched string, using /ui
rules.
NREFFA num 1 Match already matched string, using /aai
rules.
# Support for long RE LONGJMP off 1 1 Jump far away. BRANCHJ off 1 1 BRANCH with long offset.
# Special Case Regops
IFMATCH off 1 1 Succeeds if the following matches; non-zero
flags "f", next_off "o" means lookbehind
assertion starting "f..(f-o)" characters
before current
UNLESSM off 1 1 Fails if the following matches; non-zero
flags "f", next_off "o" means lookbehind
assertion starting "f..(f-o)" characters
before current
SUSPEND off 1 1 "Independent" sub-RE.
IFTHEN off 1 1 Switch, should be preceded by switcher.
GROUPP num 1 Whether the group matched.
# The heavy worker
EVAL evl/flags Execute some Perl code.
2L
# Modifiers
MINMOD no Next operator is not greedy. LOGICAL no Next opcode should set the flag only.
# This is not used yet RENUM off 1 1 Group with independently numbered parens.
# Trie Related
# Behave the same as A|LIST|OF|WORDS would. The '..C' variants # have inline charclass data (ascii only), the 'C' store it in the # structure.
TRIE trie 1 Match many EXACT(F[ALU]?)? at once.
flags==type
TRIEC trie Same as TRIE, but with embedded charclass
charclass data
AHOCORASICK trie 1 Aho Corasick stclass. flags==type
AHOCORASICKC trie Same as AHOCORASICK, but with embedded
charclass charclass data
# Regex Subroutines GOSUB num/ofs 2L recurse to paren arg1 at (signed) ofs arg2
# Special conditionals NGROUPP no-sv 1 Whether the group matched. INSUBP num 1 Whether we are in a specific recurse. DEFINEP none 1 Never execute directly.
# Backtracking Verbs
ENDLIKE none Used only for the type field of verbs
OPFAIL no-sv 1 Same as (?!), but with verb arg
ACCEPT no-sv/num Accepts the current matched string, with
2L verbar
# Verbs With Arguments
VERB no-sv 1 Used only for the type field of verbs
PRUNE no-sv 1 Pattern fails at this startpoint if no-
backtracking through this
MARKPOINT no-sv 1 Push the current location for rollback by
cut.
SKIP no-sv 1 On failure skip forward (to the mark)
before retrying
COMMIT no-sv 1 Pattern fails outright if backtracking
through this
CUTGROUP no-sv 1 On failure go to the next alternation in
the group
# Control what to keep in $&. KEEPS no $& begins here.
# New charclass like patterns LNBREAK none generic newline pattern
# SPECIAL REGOPS
# This is not really a node, but an optimized away piece of a "long" # node. To simplify debugging output, we mark it as if it were a node OPTIMIZED off Placeholder for dump.
# Special opcode with the property that no opcode in a compiled program # will ever be of this type. Thus it can be used as a flag value that # no other opcode has been seen. END is used similarly, in that an END # node cant be optimized. So END implies "unoptimizable" and PSEUDO # mean "not seen anything to optimize yet". PSEUDO off Pseudo opcode for internal use.
Following the optimizer information is a dump of the offset/length table, here split across several lines:
Offsets: [45]
1[4] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 5[1]
0[0] 12[1] 0[0] 6[1] 0[0] 7[1] 0[0] 9[1] 8[1] 0[0] 10[1] 0[0]
11[1] 0[0] 12[0] 12[0] 13[1] 0[0] 14[4] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0]
0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 0[0] 18[1] 0[0] 19[1] 20[0]
The first line here indicates that the offset/length table contains 45
entries. Each entry is a pair of integers, denoted by offset[length].
Entries are numbered starting with 1, so entry #1 here is 1[4] and
entry #12 is 5[1]. 1[4] indicates that the node labeled 1:
(the 1: ANYOF[bc]) begins at character position 1 in the
pre-compiled form of the regex, and has a length of 4 characters.
5[1] in position 12
indicates that the node labeled 12:
(the 12: EXACT <d>) begins at character position 5 in the
pre-compiled form of the regex, and has a length of 1 character.
12[1] in position 14
indicates that the node labeled 14:
(the 14: CURLYX[0] {1,32767}) begins at character position 12 in the
pre-compiled form of the regex, and has a length of 1 character---that
is, it corresponds to the + symbol in the precompiled regex.
0[0] items indicate that there is no corresponding node.
First of all, when doing a match, one may get no run-time output even if debugging is enabled. This means that the regex engine was never entered and that all of the job was therefore done by the optimizer.
If the regex engine was entered, the output may look like this:
Matching '[bc]d(ef*g)+h[ij]k$' against 'abcdefg__gh__'
Setting an EVAL scope, savestack=3
2 <ab> <cdefg__gh_> | 1: ANYOF
3 <abc> <defg__gh_> | 11: EXACT <d>
4 <abcd> <efg__gh_> | 13: CURLYX {1,32767}
4 <abcd> <efg__gh_> | 26: WHILEM
0 out of 1..32767 cc=effff31c
4 <abcd> <efg__gh_> | 15: OPEN1
4 <abcd> <efg__gh_> | 17: EXACT <e>
5 <abcde> <fg__gh_> | 19: STAR
EXACT <f> can match 1 times out of 32767...
Setting an EVAL scope, savestack=3
6 <bcdef> <g__gh__> | 22: EXACT <g>
7 <bcdefg> <__gh__> | 24: CLOSE1
7 <bcdefg> <__gh__> | 26: WHILEM
1 out of 1..32767 cc=effff31c
Setting an EVAL scope, savestack=12
7 <bcdefg> <__gh__> | 15: OPEN1
7 <bcdefg> <__gh__> | 17: EXACT <e>
restoring \1 to 4(4)..7
failed, try continuation...
7 <bcdefg> <__gh__> | 27: NOTHING
7 <bcdefg> <__gh__> | 28: EXACT <h>
failed...
failed...
The most significant information in the output is about the particular node of the compiled regex that is currently being tested against the target string. The format of these lines is
STRING-OFFSET <PRE-STRING> <POST-STRING> |ID: TYPE
The TYPE info is indented with respect to the backtracking level. Other incidental information appears interspersed within.
Perl is a profligate wastrel when it comes to memory use. There is a saying that to estimate memory usage of Perl, assume a reasonable algorithm for memory allocation, multiply that estimate by 10, and while you still may miss the mark, at least you won't be quite so astonished. This is not absolutely true, but may provide a good grasp of what happens.
Assume that an integer cannot take less than 20 bytes of memory, a
float cannot take less than 24 bytes, a string cannot take less
than 32 bytes (all these examples assume 32-bit architectures, the
result are quite a bit worse on 64-bit architectures). If a variable
is accessed in two of three different ways (which require an integer,
a float, or a string), the memory footprint may increase yet another
20 bytes. A sloppy malloc(3) implementation can inflate these
numbers dramatically.
On the opposite end of the scale, a declaration like
sub foo;
may take up to 500 bytes of memory, depending on which release of Perl you're running.
Anecdotal estimates of source-to-compiled code bloat suggest an eightfold increase. This means that the compiled form of reasonable (normally commented, properly indented etc.) code will take about eight times more space in memory than the code took on disk.
The -DL command-line switch is obsolete since circa Perl 5.6.0
(it was available only if Perl was built with -DDEBUGGING).
The switch was used to track Perl's memory allocations and possible
memory leaks. These days the use of malloc debugging tools like
Purify or valgrind is suggested instead. See also
PERL_MEM_LOG in the perlhacktips manpage.
One way to find out how much memory is being used by Perl data
structures is to install the Devel::Size module from CPAN: it gives
you the minimum number of bytes required to store a particular data
structure. Please be mindful of the difference between the size()
and total_size().
If Perl has been compiled using Perl's malloc you can analyze Perl memory usage by setting $ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}.
$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}If your perl is using Perl's malloc() and was compiled with the
necessary switches (this is the default), then it will print memory
usage statistics after compiling your code when $ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}
> 1, and before termination of the program when <
$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS} = 1 >>. The report format is similar to
the following example:
$ PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS=2 perl -e "require Carp"
Memory allocation statistics after compilation: (buckets 4(4)..8188(8192)
14216 free: 130 117 28 7 9 0 2 2 1 0 0
437 61 36 0 5
60924 used: 125 137 161 55 7 8 6 16 2 0 1
74 109 304 84 20
Total sbrk(): 77824/21:119. Odd ends: pad+heads+chain+tail: 0+636+0+2048.
Memory allocation statistics after execution: (buckets 4(4)..8188(8192)
30888 free: 245 78 85 13 6 2 1 3 2 0 1
315 162 39 42 11
175816 used: 265 176 1112 111 26 22 11 27 2 1 1
196 178 1066 798 39
Total sbrk(): 215040/47:145. Odd ends: pad+heads+chain+tail: 0+2192+0+6144.
It is possible to ask for such a statistic at arbitrary points in
your execution using the mstat() function out of the standard
Devel::Peek module.
Here is some explanation of that format:
buckets SMALLEST(APPROX)..GREATEST(APPROX)malloc() uses bucketed allocations. Every request is rounded
up to the closest bucket size available, and a bucket is taken from
the pool of buckets of that size.
The line above describes the limits of buckets currently in use. Each bucket has two sizes: memory footprint and the maximal size of user data that can fit into this bucket. Suppose in the above example that the smallest bucket were size 4. The biggest bucket would have usable size 8188, and the memory footprint would be 8192.
In a Perl built for debugging, some buckets may have negative usable
size. This means that these buckets cannot (and will not) be used.
For larger buckets, the memory footprint may be one page greater
than a power of 2. If so, the corresponding power of two is
printed in the APPROX field above.
SMALLEST and GREATEST. In
the first row, the sizes (memory footprints) of buckets are powers
of two--or possibly one page greater. In the second row, if present,
the memory footprints of the buckets are between the memory footprints
of two buckets ``above''.
For example, suppose under the previous example, the memory footprints were
free: 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192
4 12 24 48 80
With a non-DEBUGGING perl, the buckets starting from 128 have
a 4-byte overhead, and thus an 8192-long bucket may take up to
8188-byte allocations.
Total sbrk(): SBRKed/SBRKs:CONTINUOUSmalloc() will assume that it is probable
that sbrk(2) will provide continuous memory.
Memory allocated by external libraries is not counted.
pad: 0heads: 2192chain: 0malloc() may want to subdivide a bigger bucket into smaller buckets.
If only a part of the deceased bucket is left unsubdivided, the rest
is kept as an element of a linked list. This field gives the total
size of these chunks.
tail: 6144malloc() asks for more memory. This
field gives the size of the yet unused part, which is sbrk(2)ed, but
never touched.
the perldebug manpage, the perlguts manpage, the perlrun manpage the re manpage, and the Devel::DProf manpage.
| perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging |